medigraphic.com

2013, Number 1

<< Back

Rev Cuba Endoc 2013; 24 (1)

Relation between prolactin and diabetic retinopathy

Santana PF, Maciques RJE, Licea PME, Díaz EY

Language: Spanish
References: 45
Page:
PDF size: 217.14 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Diabetic retinopathy, as a form of microangiopathy, is characterized by loss of pericytes and of endothelial cells, which causes alteration of the permeability of the retinal capillaries. The growth factor of the vascular endothelium directly stimulates the development of the internal and external vasculature of the eye, and additionally acts as a vascular permeability factor. In general, under natural conditions, there is a balance of promoting and inhibitory cells of angiogenesis. However, if these conditions are changed -as it happens during the hypoxia or inflammation episodes- this balance breaks and this tips the balance in favor of the formation of abnormal vessels that spread over and bleed into the vitreous, an event that may cause the retinal detachment and the resulting loss of vision. Some antiangiogenic drugs have been developed to reduce the expression of the vascular endothelium growth factor and of the connective tissue growth factor in the retinal epithelium cells under oxidative stress. Advances have also been made in the development of other antiangiogenic drugs of high effectiveness when they are used alone or combined with laser photocoagulation and surgery, but they are very expensive, available only in highly specialized centers and with intravitreal administration. Nowadays, it is known that hyphophysial hormone called prolactin can prevent the progress and encourage the regression of diabetic retinopathy through its proteolytic conversion to vasoinhibins, particularly, the lowest molecular weight fraction (16 kDa-prolactin). This fraction has an important antiangiogenic action since it blocks the stimulation of angiogenesis induced by several factors such as the vascular endothelium growth factor and the fibroblastic growth factor in the proliferation of the endothelial cells, all of which brings the possibilities of new drugs for the treatment of proliferative retinopathy. These are the aspects addressed in the present review.


REFERENCES

  1. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, Davis MD, De Mets DL. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102:520-6.

  2. Skaat A, Chetrit A, Belkin M, Kinori M, Kalter-Leibovici O. Time Trends in the Incidence and Causes of Blindness in Israel. Am J Ophthalmology. 2012;153:214-21.

  3. Williams R, Airey M, Baxter H, Forrester J, Kennedy-Martin T, Girach A. Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy and macular oedema: a systematic review. Eye. 2004;18:963-83.

  4. Crawford TN, Alfaro DV, Kerrison JB, Jablon EP. Diabetic retinopathy and angiogenesis. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2009;5(1):8-13.

  5. Kvanta A. Ocular Angiogenesis: the role of growth factors. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2006;84:282-8.

  6. Yoo MH, Hyun HJ, Kob JY, Yoon YH. Riluzole inhibits VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and hyoeroxia-induced abnormal vessel formation in vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:4780-7.

  7. Dorrell M, Uusitalo-Jarvinen H, Aguilar E, Friedlander M. Ocular neovascularization: basic mechanisms and therapeutic advances. Surv Ophthalmol. 2007;52:S3-S19.

  8. Hutcheson KA. Retinopathy of prematurity. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2003;14:286-90.

  9. Caldwell RB, Bartoli M, Behzadian MA, El-Remessy AE, Al-Shabrawey M, Platt DH, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor and diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment perspectives. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2003;19:442-55.

  10. Gupta K. Angiogenesis: a curse or cure? Postgrad Med J. 2005;81:236-42.

  11. Ferrara N. Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. Semen Oncol. 2002;29 (Suppl. 16):10-4.

  12. Ishida S, Usui T, Yamashiro K, Kaji Y, Amano S, Ogura Y, et al. VEGF164-mediated inflammation is required for Pathological, but not Physiological, Ischemia-induced Retinal Neovascularization. J Exp Med. 2003;198:483-9.

  13. Matsuda S, Gomi F, Oshima Y, Tohyama M, Tano Y. Vascular endothelial growth factor reduced and connective tissue growth factor induced by triamcinolone in ARPE19 cells under oxidative stress. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:1062-8.

  14. Kreissig I, Degenring RF, Jonas JB. Diffuse diabetic macular edema. Intraocular pressure after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide. Ophthalmologe. 2005;102:153-7.

  15. Jonas JB, Degenring RF, Kreissig I, Akkoyun I, Kampeter BA. Intraocular pressure elevation after triamcinolone acetonide injection. Ophthalmology. 2006;112:593-8.

  16. Roth DB, Chich J, Spirn MJ, Green SN, Yarian DL, Chaudhry NA. Noninfectious endophthalmitis associated with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injections. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;121:1279-82.

  17. Moshfeghi DM, Kaiser PK, Scott IU, Sears JE, Benz M, Sinesterra JP, et al. Acute endophthalmitis following intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136:791-6.

  18. Liu FK, Martidis A. Complications of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO). Annual Meeting, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA; May 2003.

  19. Chich JJ, Liu M, Martidis A. Intravitreal Triamcinolone acetonide for Diabetic Macular Edema. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO). Annual Meeting, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA; May 2003.

  20. Avery RL, Pearlman J, Pieramici DJ, Rabena MD, Castellarin AA, Nasir MA, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:1695-705.

  21. Haritoglou C, Kook D, Neubauer A, Wolf A, Priglinger S, Starua R, et al. Intravitreal Bevacizumab (Avastin) therapy in persistent diffuse diabetic macular edema. Retina. 2006;26:999-1005.

  22. Clapp C, Thebault S, Jeziorski MC, Martínez De La Escalera G. Peptide hormone regulation of angiogenesis. Physiol Rev. 2009;89:1177-215.

  23. Freeman ME, Kanyicska B, Lerant A, Nagy G. Prolactin: structure, function, and regulation of secretion. Physiol Rev. 2000;80:1523-631.

  24. Brelje TC, Scharp DW, Lacy PE, Ogren L, Talamantes F, Robertson M, et al. Effect of homologous placental lactogens, prolactins, and growth hormones on islet B-cell division and insulin secretion in rat, mouse, and human islets: implication for placental lactogen regulation of islet function during pregnancy. Endocrinology. 1993;132:879-87.

  25. Triebel J, Macotela Y, Martínez de la Escalera G, Clapp C. Prolactin and vasoinhibins: endogenous players in diabetic retinopathy. IUBMB Life. 2011;63:806-10.

  26. Dhanabal M, Sethuraman N. Endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors as terapeutic agents: historical perspective and future direction. Recent Patent Anticancer Drugs Discov. 2006;1:223-36.

  27. Nyberg P, Xie L, Kalluri R. Endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 2005;65:3967-79.

  28. Clapp C, Thebaulth S, Arnold E, Garcia C, Rivera JC, Martinez de la Escalera G. Vasoinhibins: novel inhibitors of ocular angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008;295:E772-E778.

  29. Baldocchi RA, Tan L, King DS, Nicoll CS. Mass spectrometric analysis of the fragment produced by cleavage and reduction of the rat prolactin: evidence that the cleaving enzyme is cathepsin D. Endocrinology. 1993;133:935-8.

  30. Macotela Y, Aguilar MB, Guzmán Morales J, Rivera JC, Zermeno C, López Barrera F, et al. Matriz metalloproteases from chondrocytes generates an antiangiogenic 16 Kdprolactin. J Cell Sci. 2006;119:1790-800.

  31. Clapp C, Aranda J, González C, Jeziorski MC, Martinez de la Escalera G. Vasoinhibins: endogenous regulators of angiogenesis and vascular function. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2006;17:301-7.

  32. Clapp C, Thebaulth S, Martinez de la Escalera G. Role of prolactin and vasoinhibins in the regulation of vascular function in mammary gland. J Mammary Gland BiolNeoplasia. 2008;13:55-67.

  33. Aranda J, Rivera JC, Jeziorski MC, Riesgo-Escobar J, Nava G, López Barrera F, et al. Prolactins are natural inhibitors of angiogenesis in the retina. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:2947-53.

  34. Clapp C, Martial JA, Guzmán RC, Rentier-Delrue F, Weiner RI. The 16-Kilodalton N-terminal fragment of human prolactin is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Endocrinology. 1993;133:1292-9.

  35. Lee SH, Kunz J, Lin SH, Yu-Lee LY. 16 Kda prolactin Inhibits endothelial Cell migration by down-regulating the Ras-Tiam1-Rac1-Pak1 signaling pathway. Cancer Res. 2007;67:11045-53.

  36. Garcia C, Aranda J, Arnold J, Thébault S, Macotela Y, López F, et al. Vasoinhibins prevents retinal vasopermeability associated with diabetic retinopathy in rats via protein phosphatase 2A-dependent eNOS inactivation. J Clinic Invest. 2008;118:2291-300.

  37. Mooradian AD, Morley JE, Billington CJ, Slag MF, Elson MK, Shafer RB. Hyperprolactinaemia in male diabetics. Postgrad Med J. 1985;61:11-4.

  38. Harter M, Balarac N, Pourcher P, Koslowski JM, Krebs B, Ramaioli A. Diabetic retinopathy and prolactin. Lancet. 1976;2:961-2.

  39. Arnold E, Rivera JC, Thebault S, Moreno-Páramo D, Quiroz-Mercado H, Quintanar-Stéphano A, et al. High levels of serum prolactin protect against diabetic retinopathy by increasing ocular vasoinhibins. Diabetes. 2010;59:3192-7.

  40. Lawrence RD. Acute retinopathy without hyperpiesis in diabetic pregnancy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1948;32:461-5.

  41. Ringholm L, Vestgaard M, Laugesen CS, Juul A, Damm P, Mathiesen ER. Pregnancy-induced increase in circulating IGF-I is associated with progression of diabetic retinopathy in women with type 1 diabetes. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2011;21:25-30.

  42. Larinkari J, Laatikainen L, Ranta T, Mörönen P, Pesonen K, Laatikainen T. Metabolic control and serum hormone levels in relation to retinopathy pregnancy. Diabetologia. 1982;22:327-30.

  43. Zhang L,Krzentowski G, Albert A, Lefebvre PJ. Risk of developing retinopathy in diabetes control and complications trial type1diabetic patients with good or poor metabolic control. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1275-9.

  44. Cerasola GA, Donatelli M, Sinagra D, Russo V, Amico LM, Lodato G. Study of pituitary secretion in relation to retinopathy in patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol Lat. 1981;18:319-28.

  45. Froland A, Hagen C, Lauritzen E. Diabetic retinopathy and prolactin. Lancet. 1977;1:45.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com