medigraphic.com
Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado

2012, Number 4

<< Back Next >>

Rev Esp Med Quir 2012; 17 (4)

COX-2 Immunomodulation in breast cancer

Herrera GNE, Herrera GY

Language: Spanish
References: 34
Page: 308-312
PDF size: 201.18 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Breast cancer in Mexico presents mortality rates higher than those of most Caucasian countries. This is a highly heterogenous disease because it presents subtypes, each one of which has different molecular alterations. It is very important to know and to study the patterns of molecular alterations in the tissues of breast cancer patientes in our country, because it is known that Mexican patients present this sickness at an earlier age that those reported internationally. These characteristic molecular alterations may be associated to variations in tumor aggressiveness, response to treatment and prognosis. The expression of COX-2 in breast cancer, according to international reports, is present in 45 to 55% of patients and is correlated to a higher aggressive tumor and a worse prognosis. It has been proposed that the progression of in situ invasive breast cancer depends on the expression of this protein in the tumor. Relevant data found in breast cancer is that when there is an elevated expression of HER-2 neu receptor in tumor tissues, there is also present a co-expression of COX-2, which corroborates the aggressiveness of the tumor and a worse prognosis. The enzime COX-2 intervenes in the conversion of araquidonic acid to prostaglandins, which in turn participate in relevant carcinogenesis processes like cellular proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, angiogenesis, immunosupression and tumor invasion. At the same time, an overproduction of prostaglandins mediated by COX-2 can induce an elevated activity of aromatasa, which leads to a higher synthesis of estrogens in the tumor.


REFERENCES

  1. Lozano-Ascencio R, Gómez-Dantes H, Lewis S, et al. Breast cancer trends in Latin America and the Caribbean (Spanish). Salud Publica Mex 2009;51(Suppl. 2):S147-S156.

  2. Knaul FM, Arreola-Órnelas H, Velázquez E, et al. The health care costs of breast cancer: The case of the Mexical Social Security Insitute (Spanish). Salud Publica Mex 2009;51(Suppl. 2):S286-S295.

  3. National Cancer Data Base. Annual Review of Patient Care. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 1993.

  4. SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1973-1995. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute.

  5. Capote NL. Epidemiología del cáncer de la glándula mamaria. En: Hernández MGA, editor. Avances en mastología. 2a ed. Caracas, 1996;170-81.

  6. Detection of breast cancer. Implications for Latin America and the Caribbean. Informational sypnosis 1/92. Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Organización Mundial de la Salud, 1992;1-10.

  7. Parkin DM, Muir CS, Whealan Y, Gao T, et al. Cancer incidence in five continents. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer Scientific Publication No. 120, 1992.

  8. Visser O, Coebergh JWW, Schouten LJ, editors. Incidence of cancer in Netherlands 1993. Fifth report of the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Netherlands Cancer Registry, 1996.

  9. Thompson PT, Lopez AM, Stopeck A. Breast cancer prevention. In: Alberts DS, Hess LM, editors. Fundamentals of Cancer Prevention, 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 2008;255-276.

  10. Sorlie T, Tibshirani R, Parker J, et al. Repeated observation of breast tumor subtypes in independent gene expression data sets. Proceed Nat Acad Sci 2003;100(14):8418-8423.

  11. Perou CM, Sorlie T, Eisen MB, et al. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 2000;406(6797):747-752.

  12. Rakha EA, Elsheikh SE, Alekandarany MA, et al. Triplenegative breast cancer: Distinguishing between basal and nonbasal subtypes. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(7):2302-2310.

  13. Howe LR. Inflammation and breast cancer. Cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin signaling and breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2007;9:210.

  14. Imada T, et al. Cox-2 induction by heparanase in breast cancer. Int J Mol Med 2006;17:221-228.

  15. Xie W, Herschman HR. V-src induces prostaglandin synthase 2-gene expression by activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and the c-Jun transcription factor. J Biol Chem 1995;270:27622-27628.

  16. Subbaramaiah K, Telang N, Ramonetti JT, Araki R, et al. Transcription of cyclooxygenase-2 is enhanced in transformed mammary epithelial cells. Cancer Research 1996;56:4424-4429.

  17. Sheng H, Williams CS, Shao J, Liang P, et al. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by activated Ha-ras oncogene in Rat-1 fibroblasts and the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J Biol Chem 1998b;273:22120-22127.

  18. Vadlamudi R, Mandal M, Adam L, Steinbach G, et al. Regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 pathway by HER2 receptor. Oncogene 1999;18:305-314.

  19. Haertel-Wiesmann M, Liang Y, Fantl WJ, Williams LT. Regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and periostin by Wnt-3 in mouse mammary epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2000;275:32046-32051.

  20. Parrett ML, Harris RE, Joarder FS, Ross MS, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human breast cancer. Int J Oncol 1997;10:503-507.

  21. Hwang D, Scollard D, Byrne J, Levine E. Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in human breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:455-460.

  22. Gilhooly EM, Rose DP. The association between a mutated ras gene and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human breast cancer cell lines. Int J Oncol 1999;15:267-270.

  23. Subbaramaiah K, Norton L, Gerald W, Dannenberg AJ. Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in HER-2-overexpressing human breast cancer cells. NCI 7th SPORE Investigators’Workshop, 1999b.

  24. Stern DF, Heffernan PA, Weinberg RA. p185, a product of the neu proto-oncogene, is a receptor like protein associated with tyrosine kinase activity. Mol Cell Biol 1986;6:1729-1740.

  25. Reed W, Sandstad B, Holm R, et al. The prognostic impact of hormone receptors and c-erbB-2 in pregnancy-associated breast cancer and their correlation with BRCA1 and cell cycle modulators. Int J Surg Pathol 2003;11:65-74.

  26. Schnitt SJ, Jacobs TW. Current status of HER2 testing: caught between a rock and a hard place. Am J Clin Pathol 2005;10:64-73.

  27. Singh-Ranger G, Salhab M, Mokbel K. The role of cyclooxygenase-2 in breast cancer: review. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008;109:189-198.

  28. Schrey MP, Patel KV. Prostaglandin E2 production and metabolism in human breast cancer cells and breast fibroblasts. Regulation by inflammatory mediators. Br J Cancer 1995;72:1412-1419.

  29. Liu XH, Rose DP. Differential expression and regulation of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in two human breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Research 1996;56:5125-5127.

  30. Zhao Y, Agarwal VR, Mendelson CR, Simpson ER. Estrogen biosynthesis proximal to a breast tumor is stimulated by PGE2 via cyclic AMP, leading to activation of promoter II of the CYP19 (aromatase) gene. Endocrinology 1996;137:5739-5742.

  31. Purohit A, Singh A, Ghilchik MW, Reed MJ. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor α-stimulated aromatase activity by microtubule-stabilizing agents, paclitaxel and 2-methoxyestradiol. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1999;261:214-217.

  32. Brueggemeier RW, Quinn AL, Parrett ML, Joarder FS, et al. Correlation of aromatase and cyclooxygenase gene expression in human breast cancer specimens. Cancer Lett 1999;140:27-35.

  33. Blair CK, Sweeney C, Anderson RE, Folsom AR. NSAID use and survival after breast cancer diagnosis in post-menopausal women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006;101:191-7.

  34. Kwan ML. NSAIDs and breast cancer recurrence in a prospective cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 2007;18:613-620.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com