medigraphic.com
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública

2012, Number 4

<< Back Next >>

salud publica mex 2012; 54 (4)

Children exposure to lead in contaminated sites

Flores-Ramírez R, Rico-Escobar E, Núñez-Monreal JE, García-Nieto E, Carrizales L, Ilizaliturri-Hernández C, Díaz-Barriga F

Language: Spanish
References: 69
Page: 383-392
PDF size: 340.80 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Objective. To assess the exposure to lead in children living in various types of contaminated sites. Materials and methods. The study was conducted from June 2008 to December 2009 at four sites in Mexico: Avalos metallurgical, Chihuahua; Morales metallurgical, San Luis Potosí (SLP); Trinidad pottery area, Tlaxcala and Cedral mine site, SLP. These sites contain different sources of lead. The metal levels were quantified in outdoor dust and in peripheral blood of children. Results. Lead dust concentrations exceed the National Guidelines for residential soils (400 mg/kg) in a range of values for the four sites from 62 to 5 187 mg/kg. Regarding biological monitoring, the studied children showed maximum lead blood levels of 22 µg/dL in Cedral, 31 µg/dL in Morales, 32 µg/dL in Avalos, and 52 µg/dL in Trinidad. It is important to mention that in all the studied sites, a significative positive correlation was found between blood lead levels and the lead concentrations in dust. Conclusion. These sites are an example of the health risks related to lead exposure in Mexico; therefore, there is an urgent need for a national public health program aimed at reducing lead exposure in vulnerable populations.


REFERENCES

  1. World Health Organization. Childhood Lead Poisining. World Health Organization. Geneva: WHO, 2010.

  2. International Programme on Chemical Safety. Principles for Evaluating Health Risks in Children Associated with Exposure to Chemicals. Environmental Health Criteria. International Program of Chemical Safety. Geneva: IPCS, 2006.

  3. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Lead. Atlanta Georgia: ATSDR, 2007.

  4. Fels LM, Wünsch M, Baranowski J, Norska-Borówka I, Price RG, Taylor SA, et al. Adverse effects of chronic low level lead exposure on kidney function--a risk group study in children. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1998;13: 2248-2256.

  5. Gump BB, Stewart P, Reihman J, Lonky E, Darvill T, Matthews KA, et al. Prenatal and early childhood blood lead levels and cardiovascular functioning in 9½ year old children. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 2005;27: 655-665.

  6. Canfield RL, Henderson CR, Cory-Slechta DA, Cox C, Jusko TA, Lanphear BP. Intellectual Impairment in Children with Blood Lead Concentrations below 10 μg per Deciliter. New England Journal of Medicine 2003;348: 1517-1526.

  7. Lanphear BP, Dietrich K, Auinger P, Cox C. Cognitive deficits associated with blood lead concentrations <10 microg/dL in US children and adolescents. Public Health Rep 2000;115: 521-529.

  8. Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J, Yolton K, Baghurst P, Bellinger DC, et al. Low-Level Environmental Lead Exposure and Children’s Intellectual Function: An International Pooled Analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113.

  9. Téllez-Rojo MM, Bellinger DC, Arroyo-Quiroz C, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, Mercado-García A, Schnaas-Arrieta L, et al. Longitudinal Associations Between Blood Lead Concentrations Lower Than 10 μg/dL and Neurobehavioral Development in Environmentally Exposed Children in Mexico City. Pediatrics 2006;118: e323-e330.

  10. IPCS. Global Alliance to Eliminate Lead in Paints2011. [Consultado: ] Disponible en: http://www.who.int/ipcs/features/pb_alliance/en/.

  11. JECFA. Seventy-third meeting summary and conclusions Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Switzerland 2010. [Consultado: 2011 septiembre] Disponible en: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/chem/summary73.pdf.

  12. Environmental Protection Agency. National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead. Federal Register. Washignton: EPA, 2008.

  13. Flores J, Albert LA. Environmental lead in Mexico, 1990-2002. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2004;181: 37-109.

  14. Acosta-Saavedra LC, Moreno ME, Rodriguez-Kessler T, Luna A, Arias-Salvatierra D, Gomez R, et al. Environmental exposure to lead and mercury in Mexican children: a real health problem. Toxicol Mech Methods 2011;21: 656-666.

  15. Afeiche M, Peterson KE, Sánchez BN, Cantonwine D, Lamadrid- Figueroa H, Schnaas L, et al. Prenatal Lead Exposure and Weight of 0- to 5-Year-Old Children in Mexico City. Environ Health Perspect 2011;119.

  16. Kordas K, Casavantes KM, Mendoza C, Lopez P, Ronquillo D, Rosado JL, et al. The Association Between Lead and Micronutrient Status, and Children’s Sleep, Classroom Behavior, and Activity. Arch Environ Occup Health 2007;62: 105-112.

  17. López-Carrillo L, Torres-Sánchez L, Garrido F, Papaqui-Hernández J, Palazuelos-Rendón E, López-Cervantes M. Prevalence and determinants of lead intoxication in Mexican children of low socioeconomic status. Environ Health Perspect 1996;104.

  18. Romieu I, Carreon T, Lopez L, Palazuelos E, Rios C, Manuel Y, et al. Environmental urban lead exposure and blood lead levels in children of Mexico City. Envir Environ Health Perspect 1995;103: 1036-1040.

  19. Schnaas L, Rothenberg SJ, Flores M-F, Martinez S, Hernandez C, Osorio E, et al. Reduced Intellectual Development in Children with Prenatal Lead Exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2005;114.

  20. Zhang A, Hu H, Sánchez BN, Ettinger AS, Park SK, Cantonwine D, et al. Association between Prenatal Lead Exposure and Blood Pressure in Female Offspring. Environ Health Perspect 2012;120(3):445-450.

  21. Trejo-Acevedo A, Díaz-Barriga F, Carrizales L, Domínguez G, Costilla R, Ize-Lema I, et al. Exposure assessment of persistent organic pollutants and metals in Mexican children. Chemosphere 2009;74: 974-980.

  22. Rubio-Andrade M, Valdes-Perezgasga F, Alonso J, Rosado J, Cebrian M, Garcia-Vargas G. Follow-up study on lead exposure in children living in a smelter community in northern Mexico. Environmental Health 2011;10: 66.

  23. Soto-Jiménez MF, Flegal AR. Childhood lead poisoning from the smelter in Torreón, México. Environmental Research 2011;111: 590-596.

  24. Ornelas-Hicks M, Sanín-Aguirre LH, Díaz-Barriga F, Reza-López S, Romieu I. Evaluación de riesgo de intoxicación por plomo en la zona urbana aledaña a una fundidora en Chihuahua, México. Tecnociencia 2006;1: 26-35.

  25. Carrizales L, Razo I, Téllez-Hernández JI, Torres-Nerio R, Torres A, Batres LE, et al. Exposure to arsenic and lead of children living near a copper-smelter in San Luis Potosi, Mexico: Importance of soil contamination for exposure of children. Environmental Research 2006;101: 1-10.

  26. Environmental Protection Agency. Method 3051. Microwave assisted acid digestion of sediments, sludges, soils and oils. Washington: EPA, 2007.

  27. DOF. NOM-147 SEMARNAT/SSA1-2004. Diario Oficial de la Federación. México: Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, 2007.

  28. Romieu I. [Use of blood lead data to evaluate and prevent childhood lead poisoning in Latin America]. Salud Publica Mex 2003;45 Suppl 2: S244-251.

  29. Subramanian KS. Determination of lead in blood by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry — A critique. Science of The Total Environment 1989;89: 237-250.

  30. Hubaux A, Vos G. Decision and detection limits for calibration curves. Analytical Chemistry 1970;42: 849-855.

  31. Miller JC, Miller JN. Estadística y quimiometría para química analítica. 3ª ed ed. España: Pretice Hall, 2000: 278

  32. DOF. NOM-199-SSA1-2000, salud ambiental. Niveles de plomo en sangre y acciones como criterios para proteger la salud de la población expuesta no ocupacionalmente. México: Secretaría de Salud, 2000.

  33. González-Valdez E, González-Reyes E, Bedolla-Cedeño C, Arrollo-Ordaz EL, Manzanares-Acuña E. Niveles de plomo en sangre y factores de riesgo por envenenamiento de plomo en niños mexicanos. Rev Fac Ing Univ Antioquia 2008;43: 114-119.

  34. Astete J, Cáceres W, Gastañaga MC, Lucero M, Sabastizagal I, Oblitas T, et al. Intoxicación por plomo y otros problemas de salud en niños de poblaciones aledañas a relaves mineros. Rev Perú Med Exp Salud Pública 2009;26: 15-19.

  35. Ávalos-Lozano JA. Formación del paisaje minero en el altiplano potosino: siglos XVIII y XIX San Luis Potosí: Universidad Autónoma de San Luís Potosí, 2009.

  36. Isla-Jiménez C. El real de Tlalpujahua: aspectos de la minería novohispana. México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 2008.

  37. Cámara Minera de México. Informe anual 2011. México: Cámara Minera de México, 2011.

  38. Albalak R, McElroy RH, Noonan G, Buchanan S, Jones RL, Flanders WD, et al. Blood lead levels and risk factors for lead poisoning among children in a Mexican smelting community. Arch Environ Health 2003;58: 172-183.

  39. Diaz-Barriga F, Batres L, Calderon J, Lugo A, Galvao L, Lara I, et al. The El Paso smelter 20 years later: residual impact on Mexican children. Environ Res 1997;74: 11-16.

  40. Garcia-Vargas GG, Rubio-Andrade M, Del Razo LM, Borja-Aburto V, Vera- Aguilar E, Cebrian ME. Lead exposure in children living in a smelter community in region Lagunera, Mexico. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2001;62: 417-429.

  41. Landrigan PJ, Baker EL. Exposure of children in heavy metals from smelters: epidemiology and toxic consequences. Environ Res 1981;25: 204-224.

  42. Roberts TM, Hutchinson TC, Paciga J, Chattopadhyay A, Jervis RE, VanLoon J, et al. Lead contamination around secondary smelters: estimation of dispersal and accumulation by humans. Science 1974;186: 1120-1123.

  43. Wilson D, Esterman A, Lewis M, Roder D, Calder I. Children’s blood lead levels in the lead smelting town of Port Pirie, South Australia. Arch Environ Health 1986;41: 245-250.

  44. INE. Lo que usted debe saber sobre el plomo 2007. [Consultado: 2011 marzo]. Disponible en: http://www2.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/folletos/98/98.html.

  45. Occupational-Knowledge-International-and-Fronteras-Comunes. Exporting hazards. U.S. shipments of used lead batteries to Mexico take advantage of lax environmental and worker health regulations. San Francisco: Occupational Knowledge International, 2011.

  46. Rosenthal E. Lead from old US batteries sent to Mexico raises risks. New York: The New York Times, 2011.

  47. Wu Y, Huang Q, Zhou X, Hu G, Wang Z, Li H, et al. [Study on the effects of lead from small industry of battery recycling on environment and children’s health]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2002;23: 167-171.

  48. Trejo O. Problemática ambiental de la actividad de fabricación artesanal de ladrillos. Congreso de ladrillo artesanal. 2010 oct 6-8; Guanajuato, México.

  49. Artesanías Mexicanas. Alfareros en riesgo de intoxicación por plomo: Notimex 2011. [Consultado en 2011, septiembre 21]. Disponible en http://www.artesaniasmexicanas.com/noticias/alfareros-en-riesgo-deintoxicación-por-plomo.htm.

  50. Hernandez-Serrato MI, Mendoza-Alvarado LR, Rojas-Martinez R, Gonzalez-Garza C, Hulme JM, Olaiz-Fernandez G. Factors associated with lead exposure in Oaxaca, Mexico. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2003;13: 341-347.

  51. Molina Ballesteros G, Zúñiga Charles MA, Cárdenas Ortega A, Solís Cámara PR, Solís Cámara PV. Concentracion de plomo en sangre de niños de familias alfareras. Bol Of Sanit Panam 1982;92: 33-40.

  52. SEMARNAT. Registro de Emisiones y Transferencias de Contaminantes. Secretaria del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. 2009. [Consultado: 2011 marzo]. Disponible en: http://app1.semarnat.gob.mx/retc/retc09pre/retc09/index.php.

  53. SSA. Programa de Acción: Salud Ambiental. Secretaría de Salud. México, 2002. [Consultado: 2011, agosto]. Disponible en: http://www.salud.gob.mx/unidades/cdi/documentos/DOCSAL7103.pdf

  54. SEMARNAT. Sitios contaminados registrados como pasivos ambientales. Subsecretaría de Gestión para la Protección Ambiental DGdGIdMyAR. Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. 2010. [Consultado: 2011, agosto]. Disponible en: http://aplicaciones.semarnat.gob.mx/estadisticas/compendio2010/archivos/01_sitiosc/d3_Sitios03_01.pdf.

  55. Tong S, von Schirnding YE, Prapamontol T. Environmental lead exposure: a public health problem of global dimensions. Bull World Health Organ 2000;78: 1068-1077.

  56. Boreland F, Lesjak M, Lyle D. Evaluation of home lead remediation in an Australian mining community. Sci Total Environ 2009;408: 202-208.

  57. Leal ME, Gonzalez D, Garcia SI, Perez-Maldonado IN, Rico E, Cossio P, et al. [Community clinical toxicology]. Cien Saude Colet 2011;16: 3503-3508.

  58. FONART. Informe 2010 uso de Plomo en la Alfarería en México. Fondo Nacional para el Fomento de las Artesanías. 2010. [Consultado: marzo 2011]. Disponible en: www.alfareria.org.

  59. Cubillas-Tejeda AC, Torres-Nerio R, Diaz-Barriga Martinez F, Carrizales-Yanez L, Coronado-Salas C, Nieto Caraveo LM, et al. [Designing and application of a Risk Communication Program for children environmental health on a lead and arsenic contaminated location]. Cien Saude Colet 2011;16: 4115-4126.

  60. ATSDR. ToxFAQs, Plomo (Lead). Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry Plomo (Lead). 2007. [Consultado: enero 2012]. Disponible en: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/es/toxfaqs/es_tfacts13.html.

  61. EPA. Lead in paint, dust and soil. Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. [Consultado: enero 2012]. Disponible en: http://www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/leadinfoesp.htm.

  62. Surkan PJ, Schnaas L, Wright RJ, Tellez-Rojo MM, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, Hu H, et al. Maternal self-esteem, exposure to lead, and child neurodevelopment. Neurotoxicology 2008;29: 278-285.

  63. Bellinger DC. Children’s cognitive health: the influence of environmental chemical exposures. Altern Ther Health Med 2007;13: S140-144.

  64. Cory-Slechta DA. Studying Toxicants as Single Chemicals: Does this Strategy Adequately Identify Neurotoxic Risk? Neurotoxicology 2005;26: 491-510.

  65. Henn BC, Schnaas L, Ettinger AS, Schwartz J, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, Hernandez-Avila M, et al. Associations of early childhood manganese and lead coexposure with neurodevelopment. Environ Health Perspect 2012;120: 126-131.

  66. Landrigan PJ, Sonawane B, Butler RN, Trasande L, Callan R, Droller D. Early Environmental Origins of Neurodegenerative Disease in Later Life. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113.

  67. Weiss B. Lead, Manganese, and Methylmercury as Risk Factors for Neurobehavioral Impairment in Advanced Age. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011. doi: 10. 4061/2011/607543.

  68. Landrigan PJ, Schechter CB, Lipton JM, Fahs MC, Schwartz J. Environmental pollutants and disease in American children: estimates of morbidity, mortality, and costs for lead poisoning, asthma, cancer, and developmental disabilities. Environ Health Perspect 2002;110: 721-728.

  69. Gould E. Childhood Lead Poisoning: Conservative Estimates of the Social and Economic Benefits of Lead Hazard Control. Environ Health Perspect 2009;117.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com