medigraphic.com
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública

2012, Number 1

<< Back Next >>

salud publica mex 2012; 54 (1)

Tobacco industry success in Costa Rica: The importance of FCTC Article 5.3

Crosbie E, Sebrié EM, Glantz SA

Language: English
References: 92
Page: 28-38
PDF size: 169.57 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Objective. To analyze how the tobacco industry influenced tobacco control policymaking in Costa Rica. Materials and Methods. Review of tobacco industry documents, tobacco control legislation, newspaper articles, and interviewing of key informants. Results. During the mid-to-late 1980s, Health Ministry issued several advanced (for their time) smoking restriction decrees causing British American Tobacco (BAT) and Philip Morris International (PMI) to strengthen their political presence there, resulting in passage of a weak 1995 law, which, as of August 2011, remained in effect. Since 1995 the industry has used Costa Rica as a pilot site for Latin American programs and has dominated policymaking by influencing the Health Ministry, including direct private negotiations with the tobacco industry which violate Article 5.3’s implementing guidelines of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). Conclusions. The Costa Rica experience demonstrates the importance of vigorous implementation of FCTC Article 5.3 which insulates public health policymaking from industry interference.


REFERENCES

  1. United Nations Development Programme. UNDP Human Development Report. New York: UNDP, 2010.

  2. Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook: Costa Rica. 2010 Dec 10. [Accessed 2011 Feb 2]. Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cs.html#top.

  3. British American Tobacco. Report to the team leader-Secretary General project team meeting. 1982 Jan 28 RJ Reynolds. [Accessed 2010 Sep 20]. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ozg58d00.

  4. Pan American Health Organization. Tobacco or Health: Status in the Americas “A report of the Pan American Health Organization”. Washington DC: Pan American Health Organization 1992. [Accessed 2011 Jan 22]. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hwl70g00/pdf.

  5. Rupp J. Meeting in San Jose Relating to the ETS Consultancy Program. 1992 Nov 23 British American Tobacco. [Accessed 2011 Feb 2]. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hhu07a99.

  6. Comer K. Main Points Arising from Public Affairs Visit to RTC, Costa Rica. 1988 Apr 26 British American Tobacco. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lyq18a99.

  7. Sebrie EM, Cummings MK. Editorial: Latin America: a laboratory for tobacco control research. Salud Publica Mex 2010;52.

  8. Malone RE, Balbach E. Tobacco industry documents: treasure trove or quagmire? Tob Control 2000;9:334-338.

  9. MacKenzie R, Collin J, Lee K. The tobacco industry documents: an introductory handbook and resource guide for researchers. London: Centre on Global Health and Change, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. 2003 Nov 6. [Accessed 2011 Feb 14]. Available from: http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/cgch/tobacco/Handbook%2008.07.03.pdf.

  10. Mohs E. Un mundo posible. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica 2002;11(2):69-71.

  11. Esquiel LS. Smoke-free Spaces in Costa Rica. Washington D.C., U.S.: World Health Organization. 2002. [Accessed 2010 July 22]. Available from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/training/success_stories/TfiR3hrCRs.pdf.

  12. Ávalos A. Día Mundial Sin Tabaco. La Nación 1991 mayo 31; sect 4;D2.

  13. Ley de Prohibición del Fumado en Centros de Trabajo y Medios de Transporte Publico, Asamblea Legislativa de la Republica de Costa Rica 1992.

  14. British American Tobacco. Smoking Accommodation Program. 1994 Oct 4 British American Tobacco. [Accessed 2010 June 18]. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rgj30a99.

  15. Barnoya J, Glantz SA. Tobacco industry success in preventing regulation of second hand smoke in Latin America: the “Latin Project”. Tobacco Control 2002 17;11(4):305-314.

  16. Barnoya J, Glantz SA. The tobacco industry’s worldwide ETS consultants project: European and Asian components. Eur J Public Health 2006;16(1):69-77.

  17. Muggli ME, Forster JL, Hurt RD, Repace JL. The smoke you don’t see: uncovering tobacco industry scientific strategies aimed against environmental tobacco smoke policies. Am J Public Health. 2001;91(9):1419-1423.

  18. Davies PS. Letter form Patrick S Davies to David Vega regarding central American indoor air quality monitoring study. 1992 Nov 19 British American Tobacco. [Accessed 2011 Feb 5]. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lhu07a99.

  19. [author unkown]. What tobacco industry documents have to say 1994 Sept 14 Philip Morris. [Accessed 2011 Mar 5]. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/feu86a00.

  20. Drope J, Bialous SA, Glantz S. Tobacco industry efforts to present ventilation as an alternative to smoke-free environments in North America. Tobacco Control 2004 13;Suppl 1:41-7.

  21. Dearlove JV, Bialous SA, Glantz SA. Tobacco industry manipulation of the hospitality industry to maintain smoking in public places. Tobacco Control 2002 13;11(2):94-104.

  22. Sebrie E, Glantz S. “Accommodating” smoke-free policies: tobacco industry’s Courtesy of Choice programme in Latin America. Tobacco Control 2007; 16;5.

  23. Mccarthy P. Courtesy of Choice. 1995 Oct 26 Philip Morris. [Accessed 2010 May 8]. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ono53a00.

  24. Philip Morris. Philip Morris Latin America Corporate Affairs. 1996. [Accessed 2011 Mar 2]. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jvr67d00.

  25. Prohibición de la Publicidad y Promoción del Uso del Tabaco, Asamblea Legislativa de la República de Costa Rica, 1998.

  26. Reforma de la Ley 7501 de 5 de Mayo de 1995 Ley de Regulación del Fumado, Asamblea Legislativa de la Republica de Costa Rica, 1998.

  27. Modificación de la Ley de Regulación del Fumado, N. 7501, de 05 de Mayo de 1995, Asamblea Legislativa de la Republica de Costa Rica, 2002.

  28. Delgado E. Presiones para frenar proyecto contra tabaco. La República 1994 Junio 24; Sect 3;B4.

  29. Garita WM. Avanza proyecto contra el fumado. La República 1994 Junio 20; Sect 3;B3.

  30. Philip Morris International. ETS Activity Update PMI Regions and Global 1994 Aug. [Accessed 2011 Feb 8]. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ren19e00.

  31. Matute R. Buen ambiente para prohibición a fumado. La Nación 1995 Febrero 21; Sect 4;C1.

  32. Sebrie E, Barnoya J, Perez-Stable EJ, Glantz SA. Tobacco industry successfully prevented tobacco control legislation in Argentina. Tobacco Control 2005 8;14(5):1130-1136.

  33. Philip Morris. Constructive and credible management of ETS issues. 1999 Feb 26. [Accessed 2010 Sep 10]. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ocj04c00.

  34. Goldberg A. International Accommodation Programs. 1999 Jul 24 Philip Morris. [Accessed 2010 Sep 24]. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fbg19c00.

  35. Avalos Á, Delgado E. Caja afina guerra al tabaco. La Nación 1997 Julio 20; Sect 2;B4.

  36. Ramirez OM. Letter from Odilon Mendez Ramirez regarding effect of cigarettes. 1997 May 16 British American Tobacco. [Accessed 2010 Aug 24]. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wkr44a99.

  37. Landman A, Ling PM, Glantz SA. Tobacco industry youth smoking prevention programs: protecting the industry and hurting tobacco control. Am J Public Health 2002;92(6):917-930.

  38. Apollonio DE, Malone RE. The “We Card” program: tobacco industry “youth smoking prevention” as industry self-preservation. Am J Public Health 2010;100(7):1188-1201.

  39. Sebrie E, Glantz SA. Attempts to Undermine Tobacco Control: Tobacco Industy “Youth Smoking Prevention” Programs to Undermine Meaningful Tobacco Control in Latin America. Am J Public Health 2007 28;97(8):1357-1367.

  40. Assunta M, Chapman S. Industry sponsored youth smoking prevention programme in Malaysia: a case study in duplicity. Tob Control 2004;13 Suppl 2:ii37-42.

  41. Philip Morris. 98-00 Strategic Plan 1997 1998/E Philip Morris. [Accessed 2010 Nov 8]. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ruq83c00.

  42. Delgado E. Lanzan cruzada antitabaco. La Nación 1997 Julio 29; Sect 4;D2.

  43. Ling PM, Landman A, Glantz SA. It is time to abandon youth access tobacco programmes. Tob Control 2002;11(1):3-6.

  44. Philip Morris International. Cigarette Marketing Code 1998. [Accessed 2011 Jan 17]. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qgk45c00.

  45. Bulgarelli P. La Guerra está declarada. La Nación 1998 Junio 1.

  46. Gonzalez A. C.R. proposed smoking ban strategy 1998 Oct 6 Philip Morris. [Accessed 2010 Jul 8]. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ipq83c00.

  47. Reforma de la Ley 7501 de 5 de Mayo de 1995 Ley de Regulacion del Fumado Expediente 13.335: Comision Permanente de Gobierno y Administracion, Asamblea Legislativa de la Republica de Costa Rica, Junio 7, 2000.

  48. [author unkown]. Weekly highlights. 2000 Jun 12 Philip Morris. [Accessed 2010 Dec 2]. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tzu46c00.

  49. Tobacco smoke kills. Let’s clear the air. World No-Tobacco Day. Pan-American Health Office, World Health Organization 2001 May 31. [Accessed 2011 Jan 21]. Available from: http://new.paho.org/.

  50. Cooper G. Note from Gareth Cooper to Rodolfo Perazzo regarding fee note from Facio & Canas. 2000 Jun 14 British American Tobacco. [Accessed 2010 Aug 5]. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ngz23a99.

  51. British American Tobacco. Report of the Economic Annual Meeting New York. 2000 Aug 3. [Accessed 2010 Sep 16]. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rdm55a99.

  52. Golcher-Beirute R. Cambios en publicidad del tabaco. La Nación 2000 octubre 26; Sect 2;D4.

  53. Soto JA. Tabaco casi sin anuncios. La Nación 2000 noviembre 3; Sect 1;C2.

  54. Mora C. Tabacaleras aceptan restricción. La República. 2000 octubre 27; Sect 3;B3.

  55. Murillo W. Avanza acuerdo sobre tabaco. La República. 2000 diciembre 12.

  56. Mamudu HM, Hammond R, Glantz SA. Project Cerberus: tobacco industry strategy to create an alternative to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Am J Public Health 2008;98(9):1630-1642.

  57. Murillo C. Tabacaleras cumplen con restricción. La República. 2001 mayo 31.

  58. Philip Morris. Table of contents 2000 Feb 29. [Accessed 2011 Feb 24]. Available from: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/reo43a00.

  59. British American Tobacco Central America. Reporte Social 2002-2003. Costa Rica. British American Tobacco Central 2003.

  60. Sebrie EM, Blanco A, Glantz SA. Cigarette labeling policies in Latin America and the Caribbean: progress and obstacles. Salud Publica Mex. 2010;52(2):S233-S243.

  61. Reglamento de promociones, patrocinios y otras actividades relacionadas con productos de tabaco y sus derivados, Stat. 31616, Mayo 20, 2003.

  62. Avalos Á. Avanza convenio contra el tabaco. La Nación 2004 abril 17.

  63. Aprobación del Convenio Marco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para el Control del Tabaco, Asamblea Legislativa de la Republica de Costa Rica, 2004.

  64. Mamudu HM, Hammond R, Glantz SA. International trade versus public health during the FCTC negotiations, 1999-2003. Tob Control 2010; Oct 13. doi:10.1136 Hc. 2009. 035352.

  65. British American Tobacco Central America. Reporte Social Informe de Avance 2006. Costa Rica, 2006.

  66. World Health Organization. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (2008) Guidelines for Implementation of Article 11: Guidelines on Packaging and Labeling of Tobacco Products. 2008 Nov. [Accessed 2010 Jan 18]. Available from: http://www.who.int/fctc/guidelines/article_11/en/.

  67. Aprobacion del Convenio marco de la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para el control del tabaco, expediente 15.687: Area de Actas, Sonido y Grabacion. Asamblea Legislativa de la Republica de Costa Rica, Junio 2, 2008.

  68. Aprobacion del Convenio Marco de la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para el Control del Tabaco, Pub. L. No. 8655, Agosto, 14, 2008.

  69. Quesada M. Ley Anti Tabaco Cuenta con Amplio Apoyo de la Poblacion Nacional. Cacontecer [serial on the Internet]. [Accessed 2011 Feb 24]. Available from: http://web.uned.ac.cr/acontecer/index.php/a-diario/sociedad/296-ley-anti-tabaco-cuenta-con-amplio-apoyo-de-lapoblacion-nacional.html.

  70. 93% de ticos valora positivamente la ley. La Gente [serial on the Internet]. 2009 [cited 2009 Jun 11]: [Accessed 2010 Nov 10]. Available from: http://www.radiolaprimerisima.com/noticias/resumen/54710.

  71. El Control del Tabaco y Sus Efectos Nocivos en la Salud, Asamblea Legislativa de la Republica de Costa Rica 2009.

  72. Regulacion del Fumado 7501 Costa Rica 2009 mayo 5.

  73. British American Tobacco. Informe Social: Proyecto de Ley “El Control del Tabaco y sus Efectos Nocivos en la Salud”. San José, Costa Rica: Asamblea Legislativa de la Republica de Costa Rica, 2009 Dec 7.

  74. Discusion y Aprobacion del Acta: Comision Permanente de Asuntos Sociales, Asamblea Legislativa de la Republica de Costa Rica, Octubre 22, 2008.

  75. Nakkash R, Lee K. Smuggling as the “key to a combined market”: British American Tobacco in Lebanon. Tob Control 2008;17(5):324-331.

  76. Joossens L, Raw M. Progress in combating cigarette smuggling: controlling the supply chain. Tob Control 2008;17(6):399-404.

  77. Legresley E, Lee K, Muggli ME, Patel P, Collin J, Hurt RD. British American Tobacco and the “insidious impact of illicit trade” in cigarettes across Africa. Tob Control 2008;17(5):339-346.

  78. British American Tobacco. Informe Tecnico Economico: Proyecto de Ley “El Control del Tabaco y sus Efectos Nocivos en la Salud”. San José, Costa Rica: Asamblea Legislativa de la Republica de Costa Rica, 2009 diciembre 7.

  79. CACORE. CACORE a favor de una Regulación el fumado. San José, Costa Rica 2009 [2010 Nov 10]; [Accessed 2011 Jan 22]. Available from: http://www.cacorestaurantes.com/noticias/noticia_05.html.

  80. Sequeira A. Denuncian suavidad en ley contra cigarro por influencia de compañías La Prensa Libre 2010 marzo 24.

  81. Corella KA. Ministra de Salud rechaza cuestionamientos en su contra. La Prensa Libre 2010 marzo 25.

  82. Rodriguez I. Ministerio de Salud y diputados se enfrentan por ley antitabaco. La Nacion 2011 5 enero 2011.

  83. Sebrie EM, Glantz SA. Local smoke-free policy development in Santa Fe, Argentina. Tob Control 2010;19(2):110-116.

  84. Muggli ME, Lockhart NJ, Ebbert JO, Jimenez-Ruiz CA, Riesco-Miranda JA, Hurt RD. Legislating tolerance: Spain’s national public smoking law. Tob Control 2010;19(1):24-30.

  85. Crosbie E, Sebrie EM, Glantz SA. Strong advocacy led to successful implementation of smokefree Mexico City. Tob Control 2011;20(1):64-72.

  86. Drope J, Chapman S. Tobacco industry efforts at discrediting scientific knowledge of environmental tobacco smoke: a review of internal industry documents. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001;55(8):588-594.

  87. Barnes RL, Hammond SK, Glantz SA. The tobacco industry’s role in the 16 Cities Study of secondhand tobacco smoke: do the data support the stated conclusions? Environ Health Perspect 2006;114(12):1890-1897.

  88. Neilsen K, Glantz SA. A tobacco industry study of airline cabin air quality: dropping inconvenient findings. Tob Control 2004;13 Suppl 1:i20-

  89. Kummerfeldt CE, Barnoya J, Bero L. Philip Morris involvement in the development of an air quality laboratory in El Salvador. Tob Control 2009;18(3):241-244.

  90. World Health Organization. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2009: Implementing smoke-free environments. Geneva, Switzerland 2009. [Accessed 2011 Sep 10]. Available from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/2009/gtcr_download/en/index.html.

  91. U.S. DHHS. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General Altanta. Georgia: US. DHHS, 2006.

  92. World Health Organization. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (2008) Guidelines for Implementation of Article 5.3: Guidelines on the Protection of Public Health Policies with Respect to Tobacco Control from Commercial and other Vested Interests. 2008 Nov. [Accessed 2010 Jul 10]. Available from: http://www.who.int/fctc/guidelines/article_5_3/en/.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com