Fernández-Hernández S, del Moral-Laguna EA, Linares-Pérez ML, Jiménez-Zamarripa CA,*** Castillo-Hernández MC, Calzada-Mendoza CC

Language: Spanish
References: 38
Page: 154-159
PDF size: 45.06 Kb.

ABSTRACT

Menopause is the cessation of menstruation for a consecutive year, due to depletion of ovarian function, which decreases the production of sex hormones, especially estrogen. Menopause is a stage that promotes weight gain and development or worsening of obesity, as well as increased dyslipidemia. The causes of these problems are many, some are directly related to hypoestrogenism and others depend on the lifestyle, conditioning an increased intake and decreased energy expenditure; however, has not been established whether age is a predisposing factor the presence of such metabolic changes during this period. This is to assess whether age at onset of menopause in women is a risk factor for the presence of overweight or obesity as well as for the occurrence of dyslipidemia.

REFERENCES

1. Roberts H. Managing the menopause. BMJ 2007; 334(7596): 736-41.

2. Hickey M, Davis SR, Sturdee DW. Treatment of menopausal symptoms: what shall we do now? Lancet 2005; 366: 409-21.

3. Prentice RL, Langer RD, Stefanick ML. Combined analysis of Women’s Health Initiative observational and clinical trial data on postmenopausal hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 163: 589-99.

4. Barnabei VM, Grady D, Stovall DW. Menopausal symptoms in older women and the effects of treatment with hormone therapy. Obstetric Gynecol 2002; 100: 1209-18.

5. Bachmann GA. Menopausal vasomotor symptoms: a review of causes, effects and evidence-based treatment options. J Reprod Med 2005; 50(3): 155-65.

6. Berek J. Ginecología de Novak. 13a edición. México: Ed. McGraw-Hill 2003: 789-93.

7. Woods NF, Mitchell ES. Symptoms during the perimenopause: prevalence, severity, trajectory, and significance in women’s lives. Am J Med 2005; 118: 14-24.

8. O Hersch AL, Stefanick ML, Stafford RS. National use of postmenopausal hormonetherapy. JAMA 2004; 291: 47-53.

9. Greendale GA, Lee NP, Arriola ER. The menopause. Lancet 1999; 353 (152): 571-8.

10. Speroff L, Fritz M, Menopause and the perimenopausal transition. In: Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility, 7th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2005: 621-88.

11. Hacker N, Moore G, Gambone J. Essentials of obstetrics and gynecology. 4th Ed. California: Elsevier Saunders 2004.

12. Woods NF, Mitchell ES. Symptoms during the perimenopause: prevalence, severity, trajectory, and significance in women’s lives. Am J Med 2005; 118: 14-24.

13. Rymer J, Morris EP. Extracts from “Clinical evidence”: Menopausal symptoms. BMJ 2000; 321(7275): 1516-9.

14. ACOG Task Force on Hormone Therapy. Hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104: 1S-13.

15. Nelson HD, Humphrey LL, Nygren P. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: scientific review. JAMA 2002; 288: 872-81.

16. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Women’s Health Care Physicians. Vasomotor symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104(4): 106-117.

17. Williams RE, Kalilani L, Di Benedetti DB, Zhou X, Granger AL, Fehnel SE, Levine KB, Jordan J, Clark RV. Frequency and severity of vasomotor symptoms among peri and postmenopausal women in the United States. Climacteric 2008; 11(1): 32-43.

18. Rapkin AJ. Vasomotor symptoms in menopause: physiologic condition and central nervous system approaches to treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196(2): 97-106.

19. Nelson HD. Commonly used types of postmenopausal estrogen for treatment of hot flashes. JAMA 2004; 291: 1610-20.

20. Notelovitz M, Lenihan JP, McDermott M. Initial 17beta-estradiol dose for treating vasomotor symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95: 726-31.

21. Cirillo DJ, Wallace RB, Rodabough RJ, Greenland P, LaCroix AZ, Limacher MC. Effect of estrogen ongall-bladder disease. JAMA 2005; 293: 330-9.

22. Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE, Wu L, Barad D, Barnabei VM, Ko M, LaCroix AZ, Margolis KL, Stefanick ML. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007; 297(13): 1465-77.

23. Mack WJ, Slater CC, Xiang M, Shoupe D, Lobo RA, Hodis HN. Elevated subclinical at atherosclerosis associated with oophorectomys related to time since menopause rather than type of menopause. Fertil Steril 2004; 82: 391-7.

24. Porter M, Penney G, Russell D, Russell E, Templeton A. A population based survey of women’s experience of the menopause. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996; 103: 1025-8.

25. Haskell SG, Richardson ED, Horwitz RI. The effect of ORT on cognitive function in women: a critical review of the literature. J Clin Epidemiol 1997; 50: 1249-64.

26. Shumaker SA, Legault C, Kuller L, Rapp SR, Thal L, Lane DS. Conjugated equine estrogens and the incidence of probable dementia and mild cognitive impairmentin postmenopausal women: Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study. JAMA 2004; 291: 2947-58.

27. National Institutes of Health. State of science conference statement on management of menopause-related symptoms. NIH 2005.

28. Kallikazaros I, Tsioufis C, Zambaras P, Skiadas I, Toutouza M, Tousoulis D, Stefanadis C, Toutouzas P. Estrogen-induced improvement in coronary flow responses during atrial pacing in relation to endothelin-1 levels in postmenopausal women without coronary disease. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2008; 4(3): 705-14.

29. Cho EJ, Min YJ, Oh MS, Kwon JE, Kim JE, Lee WS, Lee KJ, Kim SW, Kim TH, Kim MA, Kim CJ, Ryu WS. Effects of the transition from premenopause to postmenopause on lipids and lipoproteins: quantification and related parameters. Korean J Intern Med 2011; 26(1): 47-53.

30. Zavala AB, Grover F. Perfil lipídico y cambio en sensibilidad a la insulina en postmenopáusicas. Rev Med Chile 2007; 135: 613-619.

31. Randolph JF Jr, Zheng H, Sowers MR, Crandall C, Crawford S, Gold EB, Vuga M. Change in follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol across the menopausal transition: effect of age at the final menstrual period. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96(3): 746-54.

32. Gabriel KK, Conroy MB, Schmid KK, Storti KL, High RR, Underwood DA, Kriska AM, Kuller LH. The impact of weight and fat mass loss and increased physical activity on physical function in overweight, postmenopausal women: results from the women on the move through activity and nutrition study. Menopause 2011; 18(7): 759-65.

33. Joseph LJ, Prigeon RL, Blumenthal JB, Ryan AS, Goldberg AP. Weight loss and low-intensity exercise for the treatment of metabolic syndrome in obese postmenopausal women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011; 66(9): 1022-9.

34. Kazanis K, Dalamaga M, Kassi E, Nounopoulos C, Manolis AS, Merantzi G, Jullien G, Dionyssiou AA. Serum levels of ischemia modified albumin in overweight/obese postmenopausal women: A potential biomarker of atherosclerotic burden associated with oxidative stress. Maturitas 2011; 70(2): 182-7.

35. Tardivo AP, Nahas NJ, Nahas EAP, Maesta N, Rodrigues MAH, Orsatti FL. Associations between healthy eating patterns and indicators of metabolic risk in postmenopausal women. Nutr J 2010; 9: 64.

36. Mendoza N, Galliano D, Salamanca A, Castro JE, Mozas J, Sánchez BR, Quereda F, Vázquez F, Martínez AT. Lowering the age at menarche and risk of early menarche in a population of Spanish postmenopausal women during the past two decades. Menopause Int 2010; 16(3): 111-4.

37. Woodard GA, Brooks MM, BarinasME, Mackey RH, Matthews KA, Sutton TK. Lipids, menopause, and early atherosclerosis in Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation Heart Women. Menopause 2011; 18(4): 376-84.

38. Shikany JM, Tinker LF, Neuhouser ML, Ma Y, Patterson RE, Phillips LS, Liu S, Redden DT. Association of glycemic load with cardiovascular disease risk factors: the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study. Nutr 2010; 26(6): 641-7.