medigraphic.com
Órgano Oficial del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Hospital Escuela y Facultad de Medicina-Xalapa

2008, Number S2

<< Back Next >>

Rev Med UV 2008; 8 (S2)

Introduction to the study of the sleep-wake cycle

Blanco CCA

Language: Spanish
References: 39
Page: 6-18
PDF size: 329.46 Kb.


ABSTRACT

The impetus of the study of sleep and wakefulness began the past century and it continues vigorously to date. Both basic and clinical research contribute to this endeavor. Hundred of researches from several countries publish reports on this topic every year. Because of this trend, the last two decades have witnessed a hasty evolution about concepts and techniques making the understanding of the scientific data an overwhelming task, especially for the novice. Therefore, an introduction is needed that helps the reader to acquaint with the current and upcoming developments in the science of sleep and wakefulness. For the sake of shortness, every concept and methodology is mentioned briefly calling on the least number of examples possible (cited in the references). Although this is not a comprehensive review, it touches the most relevant material. The main concepts presented herein are the definitions of sleep and wakefulness, the different types of sleep, the rhythm(s) of sleep and wakefulness, and some of its phylogenetic and ontogenetic developments. Regarding methodologies, techniques and instrumentation the scope attained here is broad. It goes from explaining those methodologies focusing on the highest hierarchy integration level such as the polysomnography to those concentrating on the molecular and cellular level (unitary recording, neuronal tracing, molecular biology, etc.)


REFERENCES

  1. Campbell S.S. and Tobler I. (1984) Animal sleep: a review of sleep duration across phylogeny. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 8, 269-300.

  2. Lyamin O.I., Mukhametov L.M., Siegel J.M., Nazarenko E.A., Polyakova I.G., and Shpak O.V. (2002) Unihemispheric slow wave sleep and the state of the eyes in a white whale. Behav. Brain Res. 129, 125-129.

  3. Mukhametov L.M., Lyamin O.I., and Polyakova I.G. (1985) Interhemispheric asynchrony of the sleep EEG in northern fur seals. Experientia 41, 1034-1035.

  4. Yoon I.Y., Kripke D.F., Youngstedt S.D., and Elliott J.A. (2003) Actigraphy suggests age-related differences in napping and nocturnal sleep. J Sleep Res. 12, 87-93.

  5. Greenspan R.J., Tononi G., Cirelli C., and Shaw P.J. (2001) Sleep and the fruit fly. Trends Neurosci. 24, 142-145.

  6. Smith J.R., Karacan I., and Yang M. (1977) Ontogeny of delta activity during human sleep. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol 43, 229- 237.

  7. Klerman E.B., Davis J.B., Duffy J.F., Dijk D.J., and Kronauer R.E. (2004) Older people awaken more frequently but fall back asleep at the same rate as younger people. Sleep 27, 793-798.

  8. Mistlberger R.E. (2005) Circadian regulation of sleep in mammals: role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 49, 429-454.

  9. Hastings M.H. and Herzog E.D. (2004) Clock genes, oscillators, and cellular networks in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. J Biol. Rhythms 19, 400-413.

  10. Basheer R., Strecker R.E., Thakkar M.M., and McCarley R.W. (2004) Adenosine and sleep-wake regulation. Prog. Neurobiol. 73, 379-396.

  11. Krueger J.M., Obal F.J., Fang J., Kubota T., and Taishi P. (2001) The role of cytokines in physiological sleep regulation. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 933, 211-221.

  12. Blanco-Centurion C., Xu M., Murillo-Rodriguez E., Gerashchenko D., Shiromani A.M., Salin- Pascual R.J., Hof P.R., and Shiromani P.J. (2006) Adenosine and sleep homeostasis in the Basal forebrain. J. Neurosci. 26, 8092-8100.

  13. Guzman-Marin R., Suntsova N., Methippara M., Greiffenstein R., Szymusiak R., and McGinty D. (2005) Sleep deprivation suppresses neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus of rats. Eur. J Neurosci. 22, 2111-2116.

  14. Blanco-Centurion C. and Salin-Pascual R.J. (2001) Extracellular serotonin levels in the medullary reticular formation during normal sleep and after REM sleep deprivation. Brain Res. 923, 128-136.

  15. Detari L., Juhasz G., and Kukorelli T. (1984) Firing properties of cat basal forebrain neurones during sleep-wakefulness cycle. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 58, 362-368.

  16. McGinty D.J. and Harper R.M. (1976) Dorsal raphe neurons: depression of firing during sleep in cats. Brain Res. 101, 569-575.

  17. el Mansari M., Sakai K., and Jouvet M. (1989) Unitary characteristics of presumptive cholinergic tegmental neurons during the sleep-waking cycle in freely moving cats. Exp. Brain Res. 76, 519- 529.

  18. Lee M.G., Hassani O.K., Alonso A., and Jones B.E. (2005) Cholinergic basal forebrain neurons burst with theta during waking and paradoxical sleep. J. Neurosci. 25, 4365-4369.

  19. Peyron C., Tighe D.K., van den Pol A.N., de Lecea L., Heller H.C., Sutcliffe J.G., and Kilduff T.S. (1998) Neurons containing hypocretin (orexin) project to multiple neuronal systems. J. Neurosci. 18, 9996-10015.

  20. Sherin J.E., Shiromani P.J., McCarley R.W., and Saper C.B. (1996) Activation of ventrolateral preoptic neurons during sleep. Science 271, 216- 219.

  21. Semba K. (1993) Aminergic and cholinergic afferents to REM sleep induction regions of the pontine reticular formation in the rat. J. Comp Neurol. 330, 543-556.

  22. Brown R.E., McKenna J.T., Winston S., Basheer R., Yanagawa Y., Thakkar M.M., and McCarley R.W. (2008) Characterization of GABAergic neurons in rapid-eye-movement sleep controlling regions of the brainstem reticular formation in GAD67-green fluorescent protein knock-in mice. Eur. J Neurosci. 27, 352-363.

  23. Luppi P.H., Aston-Jones G., Akaoka H., Chouvet G., and Jouvet M. (1995) Afferent projections to the rat locus coeruleus demonstrated by retrograde and anterograde tracing with cholera-toxin B subunit and Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. Neuroscience 65, 119-160.

  24. Kerman I.A., Bernard R., Rosenthal D., Beals J., Akil H., and Watson S.J. (2007) Distinct populations of presympathetic-premotor neurons express orexin or melanin-concentrating hormone in the rat lateral hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol. 505, 586-601.

  25. Sakurai T., Nagata R., Yamanaka A., KawamuraH., Tsujino N., Muraki Y., Kageyama H., Kunita S., Takahashi S., Goto K., Koyama Y., Shioda S., and Yanagisawa M. (2005) Input of orexin/hypocretin neurons revealed by a genetically encoded tracer in mice. Neuron 46, 297-308.

  26. Blanco-Centurion C., Gerashchenko D., Salin- Pascual R.J., and Shiromani P.J. (2004) Effectsof hypocretin2-saporin and antidopamine-betahydroxylase- saporin neurotoxic lesions of the dorsolateral pons on sleep and muscle tone. European Journal of Neuroscience 19, 2741- 2752.

  27. Webster H.H. and Jones B.E. (1988) Neurotoxic lesions of the dorsolateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum-cholinergic cell area in the cat. II. Effects upon sleep-waking states. Brain Res. 458, 285-302.

  28. Hara J., Beuckmann C.T., Nambu T., Willie J.T., Chemelli R.M., Sinton C.M., Sugiyama F., Yagami K., Goto K., Yanagisawa M., and Sakurai T. (2001) Genetic ablation of orexin neurons in mice results in narcolepsy, hypophagia, and obesity. Neuron 30, 345-354.

  29. Portas C.M., Bjorvatn B., and Ursin R. (2000) Serotonin and the sleep/wake cycle: special emphasis on microdialysis studies. Prog. Neurobiol. 60, 13-35.

  30. Zhang S., Lin L., Kaur S., Thankachan S., Blanco-Centurion C., Yanagisawa M., Mignot E., and Shiromani P.J. (2007) The development of hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in hypocretin/ ataxin-3 transgenic rats. Neuroscience 148, 34-43.

  31. Thannickal T.C., Moore R.Y., Nienhuis R., Ramanathan L., Gulyani S., Aldrich M., Cornford M., and Siegel J.M. (2000) Reduced number o hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy. Neuron 27, 469-474.

  32. Maquet P. (2000) Functional neuroimaging of normal human sleep by positron emission tomography. J. Sleep Res. 9, 207-231.

  33. Huang Z.L., Qu W.M., Eguchi N., Chen J.F., Schwarzschild M.A., Fredholm B.B., Urade Y., and Hayaishi O. (2005) Adenosine A2A, but not A1, receptors mediate the arousal effect of caffeine. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 858-859.

  34. Chemelli R.M., Willie J.T., Sinton C.M., Elmquist J.K., Scammell T., Lee C., Richardson J.A., Williams S.C., Xiong Y., Kisanuki Y., Fitch T.E., Nakazato M., Hammer R.E., Saper C.B., and Yanagisawa M. (1999) Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: molecular genetics of sleep regulation. Cell 98, 437-451.

  35. Stenberg D., Litonius E., Halldner L., Johansson B., Fredholm B.B., and Porkka-Heiskanen T. (2003) Sleep and its homeostatic regulation in mice lacking the adenosine A1 receptor. J Sleep Res. 12, 283-290.

  36. Scammell T.E., Arrigoni E., Thompson M.A., Ronan P.J., Saper C.B., and Greene R.W. (2003) Focal deletion of the adenosine A1 receptor in adult mice using an adeno-associated viral vector. J Neurosci. 23, 5762-5770.

  37. Marcus J.N., Aschkenasi C.J., Lee C.E., Chemelli R.M., Saper C.B., Yanagisawa M., and Elmquist J.K. (2001) Differential expression of orexin receptors 1 and 2 in the rat brain. J. Comp Neurol. 435, 6-25.

  38. Adamantidis A.R., Zhang F., Aravanis A.M., Deisseroth K., and de Lecea L. (2007) Neural substrates of awakening probed with optogenetic control of hypocretin neurons. Nature 450, 420- 424.

  39. Cirelli C. (2006) Cellular consequences of sleep deprivation in the brain. Sleep Med. Rev. 10, 307- 321.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com