medigraphic.com
ISSN 0185-3252 (Print)
Revista de la Asociación Médica del Centro Médico ABC

2010, Number 4

<< Back Next >>

An Med Asoc Med Hosp ABC 2010; 55 (4)

Current management of thyroid nodules

Kunz MW, Mizmar A, Wille G, Ahmad R, Miccoli P

Language: Spanish
References: 89
Page: 195-206
PDF size: 199.15 Kb.


ABSTRACT

The management of thyroid nodules is not standardized neither in Mexico nor around the world. There are as many guidelines as endocrinology and endocrine surgery associations including the American Thyroid Association, British Thyroid Association and others in throughout Europe, Asia and Australia/New Zealand; these guidelines state local experience and consensus; but on few occasions include an evidence based approach. Objective: To conjugate the best evidence and experience available to issue effective and up to date recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodules. Methods: Medline and Tripdatabase were searched using the MeSH terms «thyroid nodule» and limited to articles published after 2006, RCT and Reviews. All relevant articles, including the latest American Thyroid Association, British Thyroid Association and the European Society of Endocrine Surgery guidelines and consensus were included and confronted. Results: The diagnosis of thyroid nodules has risen during the last decades, while the incidence of malignant lesions has remained steady. The proper identification of potentially malignant lesions by ultrasound and its definitive pathologic and immunohystochemical characterization avoid unnecessary surgery and may select patients for minimally invasive procedures with the same oncological results as conventional surgery.


REFERENCES

  1. Brennan M, French J. Thyroid lumps and bumps. Aus Fam Phys 2007; 36 (7): 531-536.

  2. Mondragón SA, Gómez GE. Utilidad del ultrasonido en el diagnóstico del nódulo tiroideo. Cir Gen 2005; 27: 14-17.

  3. Frates MC, Benson CB, Doubilet PM, Kunreuther E, Contreras M, Cibas ES et al. Prevalence and distribution of carcinoma in patients with solitary and multiple thyroid nodules on sonography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 3411-3417.

  4. Yeung MJ, Serpell JW. Management of the solitary thyroid nodule. The Oncologist 2008; 13: 105-112.

  5. Tuttle M, Leboeuf R, Martorella A. Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Monitoring and Therapy. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 2007; 36: 753-778.

  6. Niedzela M. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules in children. Endocrine Related Cancer 2006; 13: 427-453.

  7. Wiersinga WM. Management of thyroid nodules in children and adolescents. Hormones 2007; 6 (3): 194-199.

  8. Bentley AA, Gillespie C, Malis D. Evaluation and management of a solitary thyroid nodule in a child. Otolaryngol Clin N Am 2003; 36: 117-128.

  9. Tirado L, Granados M. Epidemiología y etiología del cáncer de la cabeza y el cuello. Cancerología 2007; 2: 9-17.

  10. Belfiore A, La Rosa GL, La Porta GA. Cancer risk in patients with cold thyroid nodules: relevance of iodine intake, sex, age, and multinodularity. Am J Med 1992; 93: 363-369.

  11. Galindo RME, Torres AP, Pérez HE, Gómez CG, Ruiz HJ. Alteraciones anatomopatológicas de glándulas tiroides. Cien autopsias. Rev Med IMSS 2003; 41 (2): 105-109.

  12. Pinchera A. Thyroid incidentalomas. Horm Res 2007: 68 (suppl 5): 199-201.

  13. Mihailescu DV, Schneider AB Size, number and distribution of thyroid nodules and their risk of malignancy in radiation-exposed patients who underwent surgery. J Clin Endocrin Metab as doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-0055

  14. Pacine F, Schlumberger M, Dralle H, Elisei R, Smit JWA, Wiersinga W, European Thyroid Cancer Taskforce. European consensus for the management of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma of the follicular epithelium. Eur J Endocrinol 2006; 154: 787-803.

  15. Alexander EK, Marqusee E, Orcutt J, Benson CB, Frates MC, Doub Cibas ES. Thyroid nodule shape and prediction of malignancy. Thyroid 2004; (14): 953-958.

  16. Borges A. Incidentaloma Focal da Tiróide. Aviliacao Médica Baseada na Evidencia. Acta Med Port 2006; 19: 325-324.

  17. Coltrera MD. Evaluation and imaging of a thyroid nodule. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2008; 1: 37-56.

  18. Cappelli C, Castellano M, Pirola I, Cumetti D, Agosti B, Gandossi E et al. The predictive value of ultrasound findings in the management of thyroid nodules. QJ Med 2007; 100: 29-35.

  19. Gharib H, Papini E. Thyroid Nodules: Clinical Importance, Assessment and Treatment. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2007; 36: 707-735.

  20. Weiss RE, Lado-Abeal J. Thyroid nodules: Diagnosis and therapy. Curr Opin Oncol 2002; 14: 46–52.

  21. Rago T, Vitti P, Chiovato L, Mazzeo S, De Liperi A, Miccoli P et al. Role of conventional ultrasonography and color flow Doppler sonography in predicting malignancy in «cold» thyroid nodules. Eur J Endocrin 1998; 138: 41-45.

  22. Moon WJ, Jung SL, Lee JH, Na DG, Baek JH, Lee YH et al. Benign and Malignant thyroid nodules: US Differentiation – Multicenter Retrospective Study Radiology 2008; Epub ahead of print.

  23. Frates MC, Benson CB, Charboneau JW et al. Management of thyroid nodules detected at US: Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound consensus conference statement. Radiology 2005; 237: 794–800.

  24. Dong-Lim K, Kee-Ho S, Suk Kyeong K. High Prevalence of Carcinoma in Ultrasonography-guided Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Thyroid Nodules. Endocrine J 2008; 55 (1): 135-142.

  25. Ma MK, Ong GB, Cystic thyroid nodules. Br J Surg 1975 62: 205-206.

  26. Lyschick A, Higashi T, Asato R et al. Elastic moduli of thyroid tissues under compression. Ultrason Imaging 2005; 27: 101-110.

  27. Rago T, Santini F Scutari M, Pinchera A, Vitti P. Elastography: New developments in ultrasound for predicting malignancy in thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrin Metab 2007; 92 (8): 2917-2922.

  28. Tranquart F, Bleuzen A, Pierre-Renoult P, Chabrolle C, Sam Giao M, Lecomte P. Élastographie ultrasonore des lésions thyroïdiennes. J Radio 2008; 89: 35-39.

  29. De Martino, Pirola I, Gandossi E, Delbarba A, Cappelli. Thyroid nodular disease: an emerging problem. Minerva Endocrinol 2008; 33: 15-25.

  30. Polyzos SA, Kita M, Avamidis A. Thyroid nodules-Stepwise diagnosis and management. Hormones 2007; 6 (2): 101-119.

  31. Uchino S, Noguchi S. Examination strategy for thyroid nodules. Nippon Rinsho 2007; 65 (11): 2016-2020.

  32. British Thyroid Foundation. UK Guidelines for the Use of Thyroid Function Tests. July 2006.

  33. Chowdhury S, Mukherjee S. Mukhopadhyay S, Mazumder R. The thyroid nodule—evaluation and management. J Indian Med Assoc 2006; 104 (10): 568-73.

  34. Boelaert K, Horacek J, Holder RL, Watkinson JC, Sheppard MC, Franklyn JA. Serum thyrotropin concentration as a novel predictor of malignancy in thyroid nodules investigated by fine-needle aspiration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 4295-4301.

  35. Elisei R, Bottici V, Luchetti F, Di Coscio G, Romei C, Grasso L et al. Impact of Routine Measurement of Serum Calcitonin on the Diagnosis and Outcome of Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Experience in 10684 patients with Nodular Thyroid Disorders. J Clin Endocrin Metab 2004; 89 (1): 163-168.

  36. Harish K. Thyroglobulin: Current status in differentiated thyroid carcinoma (Review). Endocrine Regulations 2006; 40: 53-67.

  37. Whitley RJ, Ain KB. Thyroglobulin: A specific serum marker for the management of thyroid carcinoma. Clin Lab Med 2004; 24: 29-47.

  38. Dufour R. Laboratory Test of Thyroid Function: Uses and Limitations. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 2007; 36: 579-594.

  39. Tee YY, Lowe AJ, Brand CA, Judson RT. Fine-needle aspiration may miss a third of all malignancy in palpable thyroid nodules: a comprehensive literature review. Ann Surg 2007; 246 (5): 714-720.

  40. Lundgren CI, Zedenius J, Skoog L. Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Benign Thyroid Nodules: An Evidence-Based Review. World J Surg 2008; Apr 12.

  41. Delbridge L. Solitary Thyroid nodule: current management. ANZ J Surg 2006; 76 (5): 381-386.

  42. Ogilvie JB Piatigorsky EJ, Clark OH. Current status of fine needle aspiration for thyroid nodules. Adv Surg 2006; 40: 223-238.

  43. Cesur M, Corapcioglu D, Bulut S, Gursoy A, Yilmaz AE, Erdogan N et al. Comparison of palpation-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy to ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. Thyroid 2006; 16 (6): 555-561.

  44. Garber JR. Thyroid Nodules 2006: Managing what has been known for over 50 years. Hormones 2006; 5 (3): 179-186.

  45. Cappelli C, Tironi A, Pirola I, Gandossi E, Delbargba A, Agosti B et al. Spinal needle improves diagnostic cytological specimens of thyroid nodules. J Endocrinol Invest 2008; 31 (1): 25-28.

  46. Miller B, Burkey S, Lindger G, Snyder WH, Nwariaku FE. Prevalence of malignancy within cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. Am J Surg 188: 459-462.

  47. Mazeh H, Beglaibter N, Prus D, Ariel I, Freund H. Cytohistologic correlation of thyroid nodules. Am J Surg 2007; (194): 161-163.

  48. Smith J, Cheifetz RE, Schneidereit N, Berean K, Thomson T. Can Cytology accurately predict benign follicular nodules? Am J Surg 2005; (189): 592-595.

  49. Carpi A, Nicolini A, Marchetti C, Iervasi G, Antonelli A, Carpi F. Percutaneous large-needle aspiration biopsy histology of palpable thyroid nodules: Technical and diagnostic performance. Histopathology 2007; 51 (2): 249-257.

  50. Braun H, Walch C, Beham A, Moinfar F. Fine needle capillary cytology versus fine needle aspiration cytology—a comparison of quality between puncture techniques in the ENT area. Laryngorhinootologie 1997; 76: 358-363.

  51. Screaton NJ, Berman LH, Grant JW, US-guided core-needle biopsy of the thyroid gland. Radiology 2003; 226: 827-832.

  52. Collet JF, Fajac A. Galectin-3 immunodetection in thyroid fine-needle aspirates: technical procedure and results. Ann Pathol 2006; 26 (5): 347-351.

  53. Park YJ, Kwak SH, Kim DC, Kim H, Choe G, Park DJ et al. Diagnostic Value of Galectin-3, HBM-1, Cytokeratin 19, High Molecular Weight Cytokeratin, Cyclin D1 y p27 in the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules. J Korean Med Sci 2007; 22: 621-628.

  54. Shibru D, Chung KW, Kebebew E. Recent developments in the clinical application of thyroid cancer biomarkers. Curr Opin Oncol 2008; 20 (1): 13-18.

  55. Sakorafas GH, Peros G. Thyroid nodule: a potentially malignant lesion; optimal management from a surgical perspective. Cancer Treat Rev 2006; 32 (3): 191-202.

  56. Tsai CC, Pei D, Hung YJ, Wang TF, Tsai WC, Yao CY et al. The effect of thyroxine-suppressive therapy in patients with solitary non-toxic thyroid nodules—a randomized, double blind, placebo,controlled study. Int J Clin Pract 2006; 60 (1): 23-26.

  57. Castro MR, Caraballo PJ, Morris JC. Effectiveness of thyroid hormone suppressive therapy in benign solitary thyroid nodules: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 4154-4159.

  58. Sriram U, Patacsil LM. Thyroid nodule. Dis Mon 2004; 50: 486-526.

  59. Bennedbaek FN, Nielsen LK, Hegedus L. Effect of percutaneous ethanol injection therapy versus suppressive doses of L-thyroxine on benign solitary solid cold thyroid nodules: a randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 830-835.

  60. Filetti S, Durante C, Torlontano M. Nonsurgical approaches to the management of thyroid nodules. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2006; 2 (7): 384-394.

  61. Aurelho LM, Alvarenga FT, Mendes RC, Pires FB, Mantovani RE, Rojas FEC, Borges MF. Alcoolizacion de nódulo tiroidiano em regiao endemica de bocio coloide. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 2007; 51 (6): 1007-1012.

  62. Deandrea M, Limone P, Basso E, Mormile A, Ragazzoni F, Gamarra E et al. US Guided Percutaneous Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation for the Treatment of Solid Benign Hyperfunctioning or Compressive Thyroid Nodules. Ultrasound Med Biol 2008; 34 (5): 784-791.

  63. Dossing H, Bennedbaek FN, Hegedus L. Effect of ultrasound-guided interstitial laser photocoagulation on benign solitary solid cold thyroid nodules - a randomized study. Eur J Endocrinol 2005; 152: 341-345.

  64. Gambelunghe G, Fatone C, Ranchelli A, Fanelli C, Lucidi P, Cavaliere A et al. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound guided laser photocoagulation for treatment of benign thyroid nodules. J Endocrinol Invest 2006; 29 (9): RC23-26.

  65. Dossing H, Bennedbaek FN, Bonnema SJ, Grupe P, Hegedus L. Randomized prospective study comparing a single radioiodine dose and a single laser therapy session in autonomously functioning thyroid nodules. Eur J Endocrinol 2007; 157 (1): 95-100.

  66. Papini E, Guglielmi R, Bizzarri G, Graziano F. Bianchini A, Brufani C, Pacella S, Valle D, Pacella CM. Treatment of benign cold thyroid nodules: A randomized clinical trial of percutaneous laser ablation versus levothyroxine therapy or follow up. Thyroid 2007; 17 (3): 229-235.

  67. Royal College of Physicians. Radioiodine in the management of benign thyroid disease: clinical guidelines. Report of a Working Party. London: RCP, 2007.

  68. AACE/AME Task Force on Thyroid Nodules. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. Endocr Pract 2006; 12 (1): 63-102.

  69. Difficult Problems in Thyroid Surgery. Curr Prob Surg 2002; 39: 1-92.

  70. Dionigi G, Dionigi R, Bartalena L, Tanda ML, Piantanida E, Castano P, Annoni M, Boni L, Rovera F, Bacuzzi A, Vanoli P, Sessa F. Minerva Chir 2007; 62 (5): 359-372.

  71. Ikeda Y, Takami H, Sasaki Y, Kan S, Niimi M. Endoscopic neck surgery by the axillary approach. J Am Coll Surg 2000; 191 (3): 336-340.

  72. Ohgami M, Ishii S, Arisawa Y, Ohmori T, Noga K, Furukawa T. Scarless endoscopic thyroidectomy: Breast approach for better cosmesis. Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques 2000; 10 (1): 1-4.

  73. Puntambekar SP, Palep RJ, Patil AM, Rayate NV, Joshi SN, Agarwal GA, Joshi M. Endoscopic thyroidectomy: Our Technique. J Minimal Access Surgery 2007; (3) 3: 91-97.

  74. Henry JF, Sebag F. Lateral endoscopic approach for thyroid and parathyroid surgery. Ann Chir 2006; 131 (1): 51-56.

  75. Hegazy MA, Khater AA, Setit AE, Amin MA, Kotb SZ, El Shafei MA et al. Minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy for small follicular thyroid nodules. World J Surg 2007; 31 (9): 1743-1750.

  76. Lundgren CI, Stalberg P, Grodski S, Sidhu S, Sywak M, Delbridge L. Minimally Invasive Surgery for Diagnostic Excision of Solitary Thyroid Nodules. Asian J Surg 2007; 30 (4): 250-254.

  77. Palit TH, Miller CC, Miltenburg DM. Efficacy of thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease: a meta analysis. J Surg Reas 2000; 90 (2): 161-165.

  78. American Thyroid Association Guidelines Taskforce. Management Guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2006; 16 (2): 1-34.

  79. Giannini R, Ugolini C, Lupi C, Proietti A, Elisei R, Salvatore G et al. The heterogeneous distribution of BRAF mutation supports the independent clonal origin of distinct tumor foci in multifocal papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrin Metab. 2007; 92 (9): 3511-3516.

  80. Ruggieri M, Straniero A, Genderini M, D’Armiento M, Fumarola A, Trimboli P et al. The size criteria in minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy. BMC Surgery 2007; 7: 2.

  81. Samson PS, Reyes FR, Saludares WN, Angeles RP, Francisco RA, Tagorda ER. Outpatient thyroidectomy. Am J Surg 1997; 173 (6): 499-503.

  82. Mowschenson PM, Hodin RA. Outpatient thyroid and parathyroid surgery: a prospective study of feasibility, safety and costs. Surgery 1999; 118 (6): 1051-1054.

  83. McHerny CR, Raeburn C, Strickland T, Marty JJ. Utility of routine frozen section examination for intraoperative diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Am J Surg 1996; 172 (6): 658-661.

  84. Huber GF, Dziegielewski P, Matthews TW, Warshawski SJ, Kmet LM, Faris P et al. Intraoperative frozen section analysis for thyroid nodules: a step toward clarity or confusion?. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007; 133 (9): 874-881.

  85. Lin JD, Chao TZ. Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma: From diagnosis to treatment. Endocrine Journal 2006; 53 (4): 441-448.

  86. Illouz F, Rodien P, Saint-André JP, Triau S, Laboureau-Soares S, Dubois S et al. Usefulness of repeated fine-needle cytology in the follow-up of non-operated thyroid nodules. Eur J Endocrinol 2007; (156): 303-308.

  87. Pacini F, Schlumberger M, Harmer C et al, Post-surgical use of radioiodine (123I) in patients with papillary and follicular thyroid cancer and the issue of remnant ablation: a consensus report. Eur J Endocrinol 2005; 153: 651-659.

  88. Pyke CM, Grant CS, Habermann TM et al, Non-Hodgkin‘s lymphoma of the thyroid: is more than biopsy necessary? World J Surg 1992; 16: 604-609.

  89. British Thyroid Association, Royal College of Physicians. Guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer (Perros P, ed). 2nd ed. Report of the Thyroid Cancer Guidelines Update Group. London: Royal College of Physicians; 2007.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com