2009, Number 12
<< Back Next >>
Ginecol Obstet Mex 2009; 77 (12)
Cardiovascular risk factors in climacteric
Iñigo RCA, Torres GLG, Lofte NCA, Cortés SL, Godoy MRJ
Language: Spanish
References: 29
Page: 535-543
PDF size: 363.95 Kb.
ABSTRACT
Background: Ischemic heart disease is the second leading killer of women in Mexico, regardless of age group. The incidence of cardiovascular events increases after menopause, and depend on the prevalence and accumulation of risk factors.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in a population of Mexican women who receive care in a menopause clinic.
Methods: Cross-sectional study included 308 women. Sociodemographic characteristics were collected, and background somatometric-family inherited cardiovascular risk factors, biochemical variables: blood glucose and lipid profile. Women were classified into two groups: pre-and postmenopause, the latter being subdivided according to time since menopause: less than three years and more than three years.
Results: Two hundred six (66.7%) women had inherited a positive family history. We identified 123 (39.9%) in premenopausal, mean age 46.4 ± 3.2 years and 185 (60.1%) postmenopausal with a mean age of 50.5 ± 3.2. We found no differences in blood pressure and blood glucose somatometric features. The levels of total cholesterol (TC) and cholesterol of low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) were significantly higher in the group of postmenopausal women. It was noted that total cholesterol and triglycerides increased with age regardless of hormonal status. Hypercholesterolemia was detected in 41.5% of premenopausal patients and in 51.4% of postmenopausal women. More than half of the population studied had three or more cardiovascular risk factors.
Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Mexican women present from pre-menopause. The major modifiable: sedentary lifestyle, dyslipidaemia and overweight.
REFERENCES
Secretaría de Salud. Salud: México 2001-2005. Información para la rendición de cuentas. Puentes, E, Gómez O, Martínez T. Dirección General de Evaluación del Desempeño, Subsecretaría de Innovación y Calidad. Primera edición, 2006
Secretaría de Salud. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-035- SSA2-2002. Prevención y control de enfermedades de la perimenopausia y postmenopausia de la mujer. Criterios para brindar la atención médica.
Septién González, M. Climaterio: Estudio, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Intersistemas Editores. México, 2000: Sección I; pp.1-9.
Pines A, Bornstein NM, Shapiro I. Menopause and ischaemic stroke: basic, clinical and epidemiological considerations. The role of hormone replacement. Human Reproduction Update 2002;8:161-8.
Van der Schouw, YT, Van der Graaf Y, Steyerberg EW, et al. Age at menopause as a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. Lancet 1996;347:714-8.
Welty, FK. Cardiovascular disease and dyslipidemia in women. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:514-22.
Zárate A, Saucedo R, Basurto L, Martínez C. La enfermedad cardiovascular como amenaza actual para la mujer adulta mayor. La relación con los estrógenos. Ginecol Obstet Mex 2007;75:286-92.
Peters HW, Westendorp ICD, Hak AE, Grobbee DE, Stehouwer DA, et al. Menopausal status and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. J Intern Med 1999;246:521-8
Blümel JE, Castelo-Branco C, Roncagliolo ME, Binfa L, Sarrá S. Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una cohorte de mujeres de edad mediana. Rev Méd Chile 2003;131:381-9.
Abadal LlT. Riesgo cardiovascular en la menopausia: mito, paradoja o realidad. Importancia de las observaciones clínicas frente a la interpretación de los datos estadísticos. Rev Esp Cardiol 1999;52:463-6.
Lewis, SJ. Cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women: myths and reality. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:(suppl):5E-11E.
Rexrode KM, Manson JE, Lee IM, Ridker PM, Sluss PM, et al. Sex hormone levels and risk of cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women. Circulation 2003;108: 1688-93.
Estadísticas de mortalidad en México: muertes registradas en el año 2003. Dirección General de Información en Salud. Secretaría de Salud, México. Salud Pública de México 2005;47:171-87.
Instituto de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. http://www.inegi.org.mx/mortalidad 2007. (consulta 1 dejunio de2009)
Collins P, Rosano G, Casey C, Daly C, et al. Management of cardiovascular risk in the peri-menopausal woman: a consensus statement of European cardiologists and gynaecologists. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:2028-40.
O´Donnell CJ, Elosua R. Factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Perspectivas derivadas del Framingham Heart Study Rev Esp Cardiol. 2008; 61:299-310.
Iglesias, JN. Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en la mujer. Hipertensión 2005;22:45-47.
Olaiz G, Rojas R, Barquera S, Shamah T, y col. Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2000. Tomo 2. La salud de los adultos. Cuernavaca, Mor. Mex. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 2003.
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, et al. El Séptimo Reporte del Comité Nacional conjunto sobre Prevención, Detección, Evaluación y Tratamiento de la Hipertensión. Jama 2003;289:2560-72.
Grundy SM, Becker D, ClarK LT, Cooper RS, et al. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III), Jama 2001;285:2486-97.
American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2005;28:S37-S42.
Secretaría de Salud. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-015-SSA2-1994 para la prevención, tratamiento y control de la diabetes.
Curtó S, Prats O, Ayestarán R. Investigación sobre factores de riesgo cardiovascular en Uruguay. Rev Med Uruguay 2004;20:61-71.
Lara EA, Meaney E, Ceballos RGM, Asbun BJ, et al. Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en población femenina urbana de México. El estudio FRIMEX Iia. Rev Mex Cardiol 2007;18:24-34.
Martínez PG, Vallejo M, Huesca C, Álvarez de León E, y col. Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una muestra de mujeres jóvenes. Arch Cardiol Mex 2006;76:401-7.
Martínez PG, Vallejo M, García MJ, López PM, et al. Comparación de frecuencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular tradicionales en mujeres con distinto nivel educativo. Arch Cardiol Mex 2008;78:285-92.
Murillo UA, Carranza LS, Ascencio GD, Santos G. Alteraciones metabólicas durante el climaterio en relación con el índice de masa corporal. Ginecol Obst Mex 1996;64:161-6.
Navarro C, Venegas U, Navarro J, Corbalá J y col. Sobrepeso y obesidad entre mujeres profesionales de la salud. Ginecol Obstet Mex 2005;73:401-6.
Matthews KA, Kuller LH, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Chang YF. Changes in cardiovascular risk factors during the perimenopause and postmenopause and carotid artery atherosclerosis in healthy women. Stroke 2001;32:1104-11.