2009, Number 3
<< Back Next >>
Rev Endocrinol Nutr 2009; 17 (3)
Hypoglycemia due to anti-diabetic medications
Escorcia S
Language: Spanish
References: 35
Page: 120-128
PDF size: 104.54 Kb.
ABSTRACT
In view of the ever more strict therapeutic goals in the management of both, type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, the most common adverse event of these interventions is the development of hypoglycemia. This is why an in-depth knowledge of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation and treatment of the hypoglycemia occurring in this context is of paramount importance for every-day clinical practice. In this review the glucoregulatory physiology is analyzed as it pertains to the pharmacotoxicity of the different compounds available for the treatment of diabetes.
REFERENCES
Reith DM, Dawson AH, Epid D et al. Relative toxicity of beta blockers in overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1996; 34: 273-278.
Watson WA, Litovitz TL, Klein-Schwartz W et al. 2003 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 2004; 22: 335-404.
DeFronzo RA and Ferrannini E. Regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in humans. Diabetes Metab Rev 1987; 3: 415-59.
Stumvoll M, Mitrakou A, Nadkarni V et al, Renal glucose production and utilization: new aspects in humans. Diabetologia 1997; 40: 749-757.
Shepherd PR, Kahn BB. Glucose transporters and insulin action-implications for insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1999; 22: 248-257.
DeFronzo RA. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: metabolic and molecular implications for identifying diabetes genes. Diabetes Rev 1997; 5: 177-269.
Cryer PE. Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Adv Pharmacol 1998; 42: 620-622.
Musen G, Simonson DC, Bolo NR et al. Regional brain activation during hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 1450-1457.
Mitrakao A, Veneman T. Hierarchy of glycemic thresholds for counter regulatory hormone secretion, symptoms, and cerebral dysfunction. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: E67-E74.
Holstein A, Lankes H, Egberts E. Diagnostic pitfalls in sulfonylurea-induced neuroglycopenic syndrome with hemiparesis, dysphasia and somnolence. Med Klin 1998; 93: 374-377.
Dizon A, Kowalyk S, Hoogwerf B. Neuroglycopenic and other symptoms in patients with insulinomas. Am J Med 1999; 106: 307-310.
Eliasson L, Renström E, Ammälä C et al. PKC-dependent stimulation of exocytosis by sulfonylureas in pancreatic beta cells. Science 1996; 271: 813-815.
Ashcroft F. Mechanisms of the glycaemic effects of sulfonylureas. Horm Metab Res 1996; 28: 456-463.
Inzucchi S. Oral antihyperglycemic therapy for type 2 diabetes: scientific review. JAMA 2002; 287: 360-372.
Girardin E, Vial T, Pham E et al. Hypoglycemia induced by oral hypoglycemic agents. Records of the French Regional Pharmacovigilance Centers 1985-1990. Ann Med Interne 1992; 143: 11-17.
Lehtihet M, Welsh N, Berggren P et al. Glibenclamide inhibits islet carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 activity, leading to PKC-dependent insulin exocytosis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 285: E438-E446.
Shorr R, Ray W, Daugherty J et al., Incidence and risk factors for serious hypoglycemia in older persons using insulin or sulfonylureas. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 1681-1686.
Guay D. Repaglinide, a novel, short-acting hypoglycemic agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacotherapy 1998; 18: 1195-1204.
Levien T, Baker D, Campbell R et al. Nateglinide therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Pharmacother 2001; 35: 1426-1434.
Bailey C, Turner R. Metformin. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 574-579.
Crofford OB, Metformin. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 588-589.
Lalau J, Race J. Lactic acidosis in metformin therapy: searching for a link with metformin in reports of ‘metformin-associated lactic acidosis’. Diabetes Obes Metab 2001; 3: 195-201.
McCartney M, Gilbert F, Murchison L et al. Metformin and contrast media-a dangerous combination? Clin Radiol 1999; 54: 29-33.
Gale E. Lessons from the glitazones: a story of drug development. Lancet 2001; 357: 1870-1875.
Waksman J. Cardiovascular risk of rosiglitazone: another perspective. J Pharm Phamacology 2008; 60: 1-10.
Harrigan R, Nathan M, Beattie P. Oral agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: pharmacology, toxicity, and treatment. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 38: 68-78.
Pham D, Nogid A, Plakogiannis R. Sitagliptin: a novel agent for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2008; 65: 521-531.
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977-986.
DeWitt C, Heard K, Waksman J. Insulin & C-peptide levels in sulfonylurea-induced hypoglycemia: a systematic review. J Med Toxicol 2007; 3: 107-118.
Neuvonen J, Karkkainen S. Effects of charcoal, sodium bicarbonate, and ammonium chloride on chlorpropamide kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983; 33: 386-393.
McLaughlin S, Crandall C, McKinney P. Octreotide: an antidote for sulfonylurea-induced hypoglycemia. Ann Emerg Med 2000; 36: 133-138.
Schier G, Hirsch O, Chu J. Octreotide as antidote for sulfonylurea-induced hypoglycemia. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 37: 417-418.
Lheureux P, Zahir S, Penaloza A et al. Bench-to-bedside review: Antidotal treatment of sulfonylurea-induced hypoglycaemia with octreotide. Crit Care 2005; 9: 543-549.
Palatnick W, Meatherall R, Tenenbein M. Clinical spectrum of sulfonylurea overdose and experience with diazoxide therapy. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 1859-1862.
Boyle P, Justice K, Krentz A et al. Octreotide reverses hyperinsulinemia and prevents hypoglycemia induced by sulfonylurea overdoses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76: 752-756.