Samet JM

Language: Spanish
References: 44
Page: 428-434
PDF size: 158.90 Kb.

ABSTRACT

Mexico ratified the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control in 2004 and is obligated to move forward with implementing its provisions, including Article 8 (Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke). The country has already faced opposition from the tobacco industry. This paper addresses industry tactics against tobacco control, describing the general strategies that have been pursued and the evidence relevant to combating these strategies. The approaches taken by the industry in an effort to discredit the scientific foundation for promoting smokefree environments, the efforts by the industry to propose ventilation of indoor spaces and separation of smokers from nonsmokers as an effective alternative to smokefree places, and finally, the strategy of raising fear of economic losses on the part of the hospitality industry and thereby gaining this sector as an ally in campaigning against smokefree policies are considered. As reviewed in this article: 1) There is scientific consensus on the adverse effects of inhaling SHS; 2) Only smokefree places fully protect nonsmokers from inhaling SHS; and 3) Smokefree policies do not bring economic harm to the hospitality industry.

REFERENCES

1. World Health Organization. Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Geneva: WHO, 2003.

2. World Health Organization. Updated status of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva: WHO, 2006.

3. World Health Organization. Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention for Tobacco Control. Second session. WHO. 9-20-2007 [accessed 12/05/2007]. Available form: http://www.who.int/gb/ fctc/PDF/cop2/FCTC_COP2_DIV9-en.pdf .

4. Brandt AM. The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America. New York: Basic Books, 2007.

5. Kluger R. Ashes to ashes: America's hundred-year cigarette war, the public health, and the unabashed triumph of Philip Morris. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996.

6. Dearlove JV, Bialous SA, Glantz SA. Tobacco industry manipulation of the hospitality industry to maintain smoking in public places. Tob Control 2002; 11(2):94-104.

7. Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights. What to expect from the tobacco industry. Hospitality industry allies. Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights. 2006 [accessed 12/07/2007]. Available from: http://www.no-smoke.org/document.php?id=271

8. Judge Gladys Kessler. United States of America vs. Philip Morris USA,Inc., etc. Civil Action No. 99-2496 (GK). 8-17-2006.

9. Muggli ME, Forster JL, Hurt RD, Repace JL. The smoke you don't see: uncovering tobacco industry scientific strategies aimed against environmental tobacco smoke policies. Am J Public Health 2001;91(9):1419-1423.

10. Muggli ME, Hurt RD, Blanke DD. Science for hire: a tobacco industry strategy to influence public opinion on secondhand smoke. Nicotine Tob Res 2003; 5(3):303-314.

11. Drope J, Chapman S. Tobacco industry efforts at discrediting scientific knowledge of environmental tobacco smoke: a review of internal industry documents. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001; 55(8):588-594.

12. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. IARC monograph 83. Lyon, France: IARC, 2004.

13. California Environmental Protection Agency (Cal EPA), Air Resources Board. Proposed identification of environmental tobacco smoke as a toxic air contaminant. Sacramento, CA: California Environmental Protection Agency, 2005.

14. US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). The health effects of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS)/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2006.

15. Samet JM, Wang SS. Environmental tobacco smoke. In: Lippmann M, ed.Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Inc., 2000: 319-375.

16. Hirayama T. Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer: A study from Japan. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 282(6259):183-185.

17. Trichopoulos D, Kalandidi A, Sparros L, MacMahon B. Lung cancer and passive smoking. Int J Cancer 1981; 27(1):1-4.

18. US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). The health consequences of involuntary smoking: A report of the Surgeon General. DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 87-8398. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1986.

19. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans: Tobacco Smoking. [Monograph 38]. Lyon, France: World Health Organization, IARC, 1986.

20. National Research Council (NRC), Committee on Passive Smoking.Environmental tobacco smoke: Measuring exposures and assessing health effects. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1986.

21. Diethelm PA, Rielle JC, McKee M. The whole truth and nothing but the truth? The research that Philip Morris did not want you to see. Lancet 2005; 366(9479):86-92.

22. Ong EK, Glantz SA. Constructing “sound science” and “good epidemiology”: tobacco, lawyers, and public relations firms. Am J Public Health 2001; 91(11):1749-1757.

23. Samet JM, Burke TA. Turning science into junk: the tobacco industry and passive smoking. Am J Public Health 2001; 91(11):1742-1744.

24. Baba A, Cook DM, McGarity TO, Bero LA. Legislating “sound science”: the role of the tobacco industry. Am J Public Health 2005; 95 Suppl 1: S20-S27.

25. Mantel N. Nonsmoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer (Letter). Br Med J 1981; 283:914-915.

26. Gordis L. Epidemiology. 3nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2004.

27. Lee PN. Difficulties in assessing the relationship between passivesmoking and lung cancer. Stat Methods Med Res 1998; 7(2):137-163.

28. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: Lung cancer and other disorders. EPA/600/006F. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1992.

29. Wu AH. Exposure misclassification bias in studies of environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer. Environ Health Perspect 1999; 107(Suppl 6):873-877.

30. Witorsch P, Witorsch RJ. Analysis of potential confounding variables in epidemiologic studies of parental/household smoking of respiratory health in preschool children. Indoor Environment 1993; 2:71-91.

31. Lee PN. The role of confounding variables in the relationship between ETS and lung cancer. Bates No. 2022931396/643. Neuchatel, Switzerland: Philip Morris Europe, 1991.

32. Francis JA, Shea AK, Samet JM. Challenging the epidemiologic evidence on passive smoking: tactics of tobacco industry expert witnesses. Tob Control 2006; 15 Suppl 4:iv68-iv76.

33. Ott WR. Mathematical models for predicting indoor air quality from smoking activity. Environ Health Perspect 1999; 107(Suppl 2):375-381.

34. Samet JM, Bohanon HR, Jr., Coultas DB, Houston TP, Persily AK, Schoen, LJ et al. ASHRAE position document on environmental tobacco smoke. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE, 2005.

35. Smith EA, Malone RE. “Creative Solutions”: selling cigarettes in a smoke-free world. Tob Control 2004; 13(1):57-63.

36. Sebrie EM, Glantz SA. “Accommodating” smoke-free policies: tobacco industry’s Courtesy of Choice programme in Latin America. Tob Control 2007; 16(5):e6.

37. Lambert WE, Samet JM, Spengler JD. Environmental tobacco smoke concentrations in no-smoking and smoking sections of restaurants. Am J Public Health 1993; 83:1339-1341.

38. Bialous SA, Glantz SA. ASHRAE Standard 62: tobacco industry’s influence over national ventilation standards. Tob Control 2002; 11(4): 315-328.

39. Glantz SA, Smith LR. The effect of ordinances requiring smoke-free restaurants on restaurant sales. Am J Public Health 1994; 84(7):1081-1085.

40. Eriksen M, Chaloupka F. The economic impact of clean indoor air laws.CA Cancer J Clin 2007; 57(6):367-378.

41. Hyland A, Puli V, Cummings KM, Sciandra R. New York’s smoke-free regulations: effects on employment and sales in the hospitality industry. Cornell Hotel Restaur Adm Q 2003; 44:9-16.

42. Scollo M, Lal A, Hyland A, Glantz S. Review of the quality of studies on the economic effects of smoke-free policies on the hospitality industry. Tob Control 2003; 12(1):13-20.

43. Eisner MD, Smith AK, Blanc PD. Bartenders’ respiratory health after establishment of smoke-free bars and taverns. JAMA 1998; 280(22): 1909-1914.

44. Menzies D, Nair A, Williamson PA, Schembri S, Al Khairalla MZ, BarnesM, et al. Respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function, and markers of inflammation among bar workers before and after a legislative ban on smoking in public places. JAMA 2006; 296(14):1742-1748.