medigraphic.com
Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán

2006, Number 6

<< Back Next >>

Rev Invest Clin 2006; 58 (6)

Toward cervical cancer prevention: strategies employed in the development of HPV vaccines

Cruz-Hernández E, Contreras-Paredes A, Lizano-Soberón M

Language: Spanish
References: 74
Page: 586-597
PDF size: 132.15 Kb.


ABSTRACT

An HPV persistent infection is doubtless the main factor involved in cervical cancer development. It is clear that the majority of HPV infections are self-limited and not all highrisk HPV infections are destined to progress to a higher grade lesion. Due to viral mechanisms that evade the immune system, in some cases the immune response against HPV is not as effective, allowing the establishment of persistent infections. The promise of a vaccine that can avoid HPV infections and therefore decrease cervical cancer incidence, has been motive of great interest and enthusiasm on the search of different strategies for obtaining an effective vaccine. At present, several prophylactic vaccines have been developed based in virus like particles (VLPs) produced with L1 viral proteins. Results of these vaccines applied to women between 16 and 23 years old show high tolerability and immunogenicity with higher antibody titers than those seen in an HPV natural infection. Even these vaccines can not wholly prevent infections caused by HPV types included in the vaccine design; its efficacy has been demonstrated for their ability to eliminate HPV persistent infections and to prevent the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. These vaccines are currently in phase III of clinical trials, whose results will determine its impact in the general population. Therapeutic vaccines are focused in the elimination of established cervical lesions; nevertheless their efficacy has not been proved for clinical use.


REFERENCES

  1. World Health Report 2004. Changing History Statical annex. World Health Organization, http//www.who.int/whr/2004/en/index.htm.

  2. Registro Histopatológico de Neoplasias Malignas RHNM. Dirección General de Epidemiología SSA. México. 2002.

  3. Bosh FX, Lorincz A, Munoz N, Meijer CJ, Shah KV. The causal relation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55(4): 244-65.

  4. de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H. Classification of papillomaviruses. Virology 2004; 324(1): 17-27.

  5. Munoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, Herrero R, Castellsague X, Shah KV, et al. Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. International Agency for Research on Cancer Multicenter Cervical Cancer Study Group. N Engl J Med 2003; 348(6): 518-27.

  6. Franceschi S. The IARC commitment to cancer prevention: the example of papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Recent Results. Cancer Res 2005; 166: 277-97.

  7. Roberts S, Ashmole I, Rookes SM, Gallimore PH. Mutational analysis of the human papillomavirus type 16 E1/E4 protein shows that the C terminus is dispensable for keratin cytoskeleton association but is involved in inducing disruption of the keratin filaments. J Virol 1997; 71(5): 3554-62.

  8. Middleton K, Peh W, Southern S, Griffin H, Sotlar K, Nakahara T, et al. Organization of human papillomavirus productive cycle during neoplastic progression provides a basis for selection of diagnostic markers. J Virol 2003; 77(19): 10186-201.

  9. Evander M, Frazer IH, Payne E, Qi YM, Hengst K, McMillan NA. Identification of the alfa-6 integrin as a candidate receptor for papillomaviruses. J Virol 1997; 71(3): 449-56.

  10. Crum CP, Abbott DW, Quade BJ. Cervical cancer screening: from the papanicolaou smear to the vaccine era. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21(Suppl. 10): 224-30.

  11. Lau S, Franco EL. Management of low-grade cervical lesions in young women. CMAJ 2005; 173(7): 771-4.

  12. Herrero R, Castel PE, Schiffman M, Bratti MC, Hildesheim A, Morales J, Alfaro M, Sherman ME, Wacholder S, Chen S, Rodríguez AC, Burk RD. Epidemiologic profile of type specific human papillomavirus infection and cervical neoplasia in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796-1806.

  13. Bollmann M, Bankfalvi A, Trosic A, Speich N, Schmitt C, Bollmann R. Can we detect cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection by cytomorphology alone? Diagnostic value of non-classic cytological signs of HPV effect in minimally abnormal Pap tests. Cytopathology 2005; 16(1): 3-6.

  14. Moscicki AB, Shiboski S, Broering J, Powell K, Clayton L, Jay N, et al. The natural history of human papillomavirus infection as measured by repeated DNA testing in adolescent and young women. J Pediatr 1998; 132(2): 277-84.

  15. Ferenczy A, Coutlee F, Franco E, Hankins C. Human papillomavirus and HIV coinfection and the risk of neoplasias of the lower genital tract: a review of recent developments. CMAJ 2003; 169(5): 431-4.

  16. Coleman N, Birley HD, Renton AM, Hanna NF, Ryait BK, Byrne M, et al. Immunological events in regressing genital warts. Am J Clin Pathol 1994; 102(6): 768-74.

  17. Nees M, Geoghegan JM, Hyman T, Frank S, Miller L, Woodworth CD. Papillomavirus type 16 oncogenes downregulate expression of interferon-responsive genes and up regulate proliferationassociated and NF-kappaB-responsive genes in cervical keratinocytes. J Virol 2001; 75(9): 4283-96.

  18. Duffy CL, Phillips SL, Klingelhutz AJ. Microarray analysis identifies differentiation-associated genes regulated by human papillomavirus type 16 E6. Virology 2003; 314(1): 196-205.

  19. Garcia-Millian R, Santos A, Perea SE, Gonzalez-Cabanas R, Valenzuela C, Arana M. Molecular analysis of resistance to interferon in patients with laryngeal papillomatosis. Cytokines Cell Mol Ther 1999; 5(2): 79-85.

  20. Cho YS, Kang JW, Cho M, Cho CW, Lee S, Choe YK, et al. Down modulation of IL-18 expression by human papillomavirus type 16 E6 oncogene via binding to IL-18. FEBS Lett 2001; 501(2-3): 139-45.

  21. Ashrafi GH, Tsirimonaki E, Marchetti B, O’Brien PM, Sibbet GJ, Andrew L, et al. Campo MS. Down-regulation of MHC class I by bovine papillomavirus E5 oncoproteins. Oncogene 2002; 21(2): 248-59.

  22. Matthews K, Leong CM, Baxter L, Inglis E, Yun K, Backstrom BT, et al. Depletion of Langerhans cells in human papillomavirus type 16-infected skin is associated with E6-mediated down regulation of E-cadherin. J Virol 2003; 77(15): 8378-85.

  23. McLaughlin-Drubin ME, Christensen ND, Meyers C. Propagation, infection, and neutralization of authentic HPV16 virus. Virology 2004; 322(2): 213-9.

  24. Hagensee ME, Yaegashi N, Galloway DA. Self-assembly of human papillomavirus type 1 capsids by expression of the L1 protein alone or by coexpression of the L1 and L2 capsid proteins. J Virol 1993; 67(1): 315-22.

  25. Sasagawa T, Pushko P, Steers G, Gschmeissner SE, Hajibagheri MA, Finch J, et al. Synthesis and assembly of virus-like particles of human papillomaviruses type 6 and type 16 in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Virology 1995; 206(1): 126-35.

  26. Roden RB, Yutzy WH 4th, Fallon R, Inglis S, Lowy DR, Schiller JT. Minor capsid protein of human genital papillomaviruses contains subdominant, cross-neutralizing epitopes. Virology 2000; 270(2): 254-7.

  27. Kirnbauer R. Papillomavirus-like particles for serology and vaccine development. Intervirology 1996; 39(1-2): 54-61.

  28. Nardelli-Haefliger D, Wirthner D, Schiller JT, Lowy DR, Hildesheim A, Ponci F, et al. Specific antibody levels at the cervix during the menstrual cycle of women vaccinated with human papillomavirus 16 virus-like particles. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95(15): 1128-37.

  29. Rose RC, Lane C, Wilson S, Suzich JA, Rybicki E, Williamson AL. Oral vaccination of mice with human papillomavirus viruslike particles induces systemic virus-neutralizing antibodies. Vaccine 1999; 17(17): 2129-35.

  30. Nardelli-Haefliger D, Lurati F, Wirthner D, Spertini F, Schiller JT, Lowy DR, et al. Immune responses induced by lower air-way mucosal immunization with a human papillomavirus type 16 virus-like particle vaccine. Vaccine 2005; 23(28): 3634-41.

  31. Muñoz N, Bosch FX, Castellsague X, Diaz M, de Sanjose S, Hammouda D, et al. Against which human papillomavirus types shall we vaccinate and screen? The international perspective. Int J Cancer 2004; 111(2): 278-85.

  32. Lizano M, Berumen J, Guido MC, Casas L, Garcia-Carranca A. Association between human papillomavirus type 18 variants and histopathology of cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89(16): 1227-31.

  33. Berumen J, Ordonez RM, Lazcano E, Salmeron J, Galvan SC, Estrada RA, et al. Asian-American variants of human papillomavirus 16 and risk for cervical cancer: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93(17): 1325-30.

  34. De la Cruz-Hernandez E, Garcia-Carranca A, Mohar-Betancourt A, Duenas-Gonzalez A, Contreras-Paredes A, Perez-Cardenas E, et al. Differential splicing of E6 within human papillomavirus type 18 variants and functional consequences. J Gen Virol. 2005; 86(Pt 9): 2459-68.

  35. De Boer MA, Peters LA, Aziz MF, Siregar B, Cornain S, Vrede MA, et al. Human papillomavirus type 18 variants: Histopathology and E6/E7 polymorphisms in three countries. Int J Cancer 2005; 114(3): 422-5.

  36. Calleja-Macias IE, Kalantari M, Huh J, Ortiz-Lopez R, Rojas-Martinez A, Gonzalez-Guerrero JF, et al. Genomic diversity of human papillomavirus-16, 18, 31, and 35 isolates in a Mexican population and relationship to European, African, and Native American variants. Virology 2004; 319(2): 315-23.

  37. Touze A, El Mehdaoui S, Sizaret PY, Mougin C, Munoz N, Coursaget P. The L1 major capsid protein of human papillomavirus type 16 variants affects yield of virus-like particles produced in an insect cell expression system. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36(7): 2046-51.

  38. Harro CD, Pang YY, Roden RB, Hildesheim A, Wang Z, Reynolds MJ, et al. Safety and inmunogenocity trial in adult volunteers of a human papillomavirus 16 L1 virus-like particle vaccine. J Natl Cancer Institute 2001; 93(4): 284-92.

  39. Koutsky LA, Ault KA, Wheeler CM, Brown DR, Barr E, Alvarez FB, et al. A controlled trial of a human papillomavirus type 16 vaccine. N Engl J Med 2002; 374(21): 1645-51.

  40. Harper DM, Franco EL, Wheeler C, Ferris DG, Jenkins D, Schuind A, et al. HPV Vaccine Study Group. Efficacy of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine in prevention of infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364(9447): 1757-65.

  41. Harper DM, Franco EL, Wheeler CM, Moscicki AB, Romanowski B, Roteli-Martins CM, et al. Sustained efficacy up to 4.5 years of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine against human papillomavirus types 16 and 18: follow-up from a randomized control trial. Lancet 2006; 367(9518): 1247-55.

  42. Mao C, Koutsky LA, Ault KA, Wheeler CM, Brown DR, Wiley DJ, et al. Efficacy of human papillomavirus-16 vaccine to prevent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107(1): 18-27.

  43. Roden RB, Hubbert NL, Kirnbauer R, Christensen ND, Lowy DR, Schiller JT. Assessment of the serological relatedness of genital human papillomaviruses by hemagglutination inhibition. J Virol 1996; 70(5): 3298-3301.

  44. Villa LL, Costa RL, Petta CA, Andrade RP, Ault KA, Giuliano AR, et al. Prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine in young women: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre phase II efficacy trial. Lancet Oncol 2005; 6(5): 271-8.

  45. Lehtinen M, Idanpaan-Heikkila I, Lunnas T, Palmroth J, Barr E, Cacciatore R, et al. Population-based enrolment of adolescents in a long-term follow-up trial of human papillomavirus vaccine efficacy. Int J STD AIDS 2006; 17(4): 237-46.

  46. Geipert N. Vaccinating men for HPV: new strategy for preventing cervical cancer in women? J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 630-1.

  47. Merck’s HPV vaccine shines in Phase III trials. IAVI Rep 2005; 9(4): 23.

  48. Ohlschlager P, Osen W, Dell K, Faath S, Garcea RL, Jochmus J, et al. Human papillomavirus type 16 11 capsomeres induce 11-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and tumor regression in C57BL/6 mice. J Virol 2003; 77(8): 4635-45.

  49. Zehbe I, Wilander E, Delius H, Tommasino M. Human papillomavirus 16 E6 variants are more prevalent in invasive cervical carcinoma than the prototype. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 829-33.

  50. Schafer K, Muller M, Faath S, Henn A, Osen W, Zentgraf H, et al. Immune response to human papillomavirus 16 L1E7 chimeric virus-like particles: induction of cytotoxic T cells and specific tumor protection. Int J Cancer 1999; 81(6): 881-8.

  51. Boursnell ME, Rutherford E, Hickling JK, Rollinson EA, Munro AJ, Rolley N, et al. Construction and characterization of a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing human papillomavirus proteins for immunotherapy of cervical cancer. Vaccine 1996; 14(16): 1485-94.

  52. Kaufmann AM, Stern PL, Rankin EM, Sommer H, Nuessler V, Schneider A, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of TA-HPV, a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing modified human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 and HPV-18 E6 and E7 genes, in women with progressive cervical cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8(12): 3676-85.

  53. Liu DW, Tsao YP, Kung JT, Ding YA, Sytwu HK, et al. Recombinant adeno-associated virus expressing human papillomavirus type 16 E7 peptide DNA fused with heat shock protein DNA as a potential vaccine for cervical cancer. J Virol 2000; 74(6): 2888-94.

  54. Velders MP, McElhiney S, Cassetti MC, Eiben GL, Higgins T, Kovacs GR, et al. Eradication of established tumors by vaccination with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles delivering human papillomavirus 16 E7 RNA. Cancer Res 2001; 61(21): 7861-7.

  55. Villanueva MS, Sijts AJ, Pamer EG. Listeriolysin is processed efficiently into an MHC class I-associated epitope in Listeria monocytogenes-infected cells. J Immunol 1995; 155(11): 5227-33.

  56. Lin CW, Lee JY, Tsao YP, Shen CP, Lai HC, Chen SL. Oral vaccination with recombinant Listeria monocytogenes expressing human papillomavirus type 16 E7 can cause tumor growth in mice to regress. Int J Cancer 2002; 102(6): 629-37.

  57. Jabbar IA, Fernando GJ, Saunders N, Aldovini A, Young R, Malcolm K, et al. Immune responses induced by BCG recombinant for human papillomavirus L1 and E7 proteins. Vaccine 2000; 18(22): 2444-53.

  58. Feltkamp MC, Smits HL, Vierboom MP, Minnaar RP, de Jongh BM, Drijfhout JW, et al. Vaccination with cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope-containing peptide protects against a tumor induced by human papillomavirus type 16-transformed cells. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23(9): 2242-9

  59. Ressing ME, Sette A, Brandt RM, Ruppert J, Wentworth PA, Hartman M, et al. Human CTL epitopes encoded by human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 identified through in vivo and in vitro immunogenicity studies of HLA-A*0201-binding peptides. J Immunol 1995; 154(11): 5934-43.

  60. Ressing ME, van Driel WJ, Brandt RM, Kenter GG, de Jong JH, Bauknecht T, et al. Detection of T helper responses, but not of human papillomavirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, after peptide vaccination of patients with cervical carcinoma. J Immunother 2000; 23(2): 255-66.

  61. Muderspach L, Wilczynski S, Roman L, Bade L, Felix J, Small LA, et al. A phase I trial of a human papillomavirus (HPV) peptide vaccine for women with high-grade cervical and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia who are HPV 16 positive. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6(9): 3406-16.

  62. Lacey CJ, Thompson HS, Monteiro EF, O’Neill T, Davies ML, Holding FP, et al. Phase IIa safety and immunogenicity of a therapeutic vaccine, TA-GW, in persons with genital warts. J Infect Dis 1999; 179(3): 612-8.

  63. van der Burg SH, Kwappenberg KM, O’Neill T, Brandt RM, Melief CJ, Hickling JK, et al. Pre-clinical safety and efficacy of TACIN, a recombinant HPV-16 L2E6E7 fussion protein vaccine, in homologous and heterologous prime-boost regimens. Vaccine 2001; 19(27): 3652-60.

  64. de Jong A, O’Neill T, Khan AY, Kwappenberg KM, Chisholm SE, Whittle NR, et al. Enhancement of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E6 and E7-specific T-cell immunity in healthy volunteers through vaccination with TA-CIN, an HPV16 L2E7E6 fusion protein vaccine. Vaccine 2002; 20(29-30): 3456-64.

  65. Chu NR, Wu HB, Wu T, Boux LJ, Siegel MI, Mizzen LA. Immunotherapy of a human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E7-expressing tumour by administration of fusion protein comprising Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) hsp65 and HPV16 E7. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 121(2): 216-25.

  66. Hung CF, Cheng WF, He L, Ling M, Juang J, Lin CT, et al. Enhancing major histocompatibility complex class I antigen presentation by targeting antigen to centrosomes. Cancer Res 2003; 63(10): 2393-8.

  67. Leachman SA, Tigelaar RE, Shlyankevich M, Slade MD, Irwin M, Chang E, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor priming plus papillomavirus E6 DNA vaccination: effects on papilloma formation and regression in the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus- rabbit model. J Virol 2000; 74(18): 8700-8.

  68. Kim TW, Hung CF, Ling M, Juang J, He L, Hardwick JM, et al. Enhancing DNA vaccine potency by coadministration of DNA encoding antiapoptotic proteins. J Clin Invest 2003; 112(1): 109-17.

  69. Garcia F, Petry KU, Muderspach L, Gold MA, Braly P, Crum CP, et al. ZYC101a for treatment of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103(2): 317-26.

  70. Ferrara A, Nonn M, Sehr P, Schreckenberger C, Pawlita M, Durst M, et al. Dendritic cell-based tumor vaccine for cervical cancer II: results of a clinical pilot study in 15 individual patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2003; 129(9): 521-30.

  71. Rapoport AP, Stadtmauer EA, Aqui N, Badros A, Cotte J, Chrisley L, et al. Restoration of immunity in lymphopenic individuals with cancer by vaccination and adoptive T-cell transfer. Nat Med 2005; 11(11): 1230-7.

  72. Feltkamp MC, Vreugdenhil GR, Vierboom MP, Ras E, van der Burg SH, Schegget J, et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes raised against a subdominant epitope offered as a synthetic peptide eradicate human papillomavirus type 16-induced tumors. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25(9): 2638-42.

  73. Scholten KB, Schreurs MW, Ruizendaal JJ, Kueter EW, Kramer D, Veenbergen S, et al. Preservation and redirection of HPV16E7-specific T cell receptors for immunotherapy of cervical cancer. Clin Immunol 2005; 114(2): 119-29.

  74. Nolan T, Block SL, Reisinger KS, et al. 2005. Comparison of the immunogenicity and tolerability of a prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) (types 6, 11, 16, 18) L1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine in male and female adolescents and young adult women. Presented at European Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases May 2005.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com