2008, Number 5
<< Back
Salud Mental 2008; 31 (5)
El suicidio y algunos de sus correlatos neurobiológicos. Segunda parte
Gutiérrez-García AG, Contreras CM
Language: Spanish
References: 227
Page: 417-425
PDF size: 114.82 Kb.
Text Extraction
No abstract
REFERENCES
Organización Mundial de la Salud: Informemundial sobre la violencia y la salud. Ginebra: OMS, 2002.
Gutiérrez-García AG, Contreras CM, Orozco-Rodríguez CHR. Suicidio, conceptos actuales. Salud Mental 2006;29(5):66-74.
Lecrubier Y. La influencia de la comorbilidad en la prevalencia de la conducta suicida. Eur Psychiatry Ed Esp 2002;9:90-94.
Sharma V. Atypical antipsychotics and suicide in mood and anxiety disorders. Bipolar Disord 2003;5(Suppl.2):48-52.
Mann JJ, Courrier D. A review of prospective studies of biologic predictors of suicidal behavior in mood disorders. Arch Suicide Res 2007;11(1):3-16.
Beck AT, Brown G, Berchick RJ, Stewart BL, Steer RA. Relationship between hopelessness and ultimate suicide: a replication with psychiatric outpatients. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:190-195.
Joiner TE, Brown JS, Wingate LR. The psychology and neurobiology of suicidal behavior. Annu Rev Psychol 2005;56: 287-314.
Clarke DM, Kissane DW. Demoralization: its phenomenology and importance. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 2002;36:733-742.
Aldridge D. Suicidal behaviour: a continuing cause for concern. Br J Gen Pract 1992;42:482-485.
Schnyder U, Valach L, Bichsel K, Michel K. Attempted suicide. Do we understand the patients’ reasons? Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1999;21:62-69.
Mamo DC. Managing suicidality in schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry 2007;52:59S-70S.
Virkkunen M, Rawlings R, Tokola R, Poland RE, Guidotti A, Nemeroff CB. CSF biochemistries, glucose metabolism, and diurnal activity rhythms in alcoholic, violent offenders, fire setters, and healthy volunteers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51: 20–27.
Mann J. Neurobiology of suicidal behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci 2003;4(10):819-828.
Pandey GN. Altered serotonin function in suicide. Evidence from platelet and neuroendocrine studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997;836:182-200.
Aaberg M, Traskman L, Thoren P: 5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid: a biochemical suicide predictor? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976;33:1193-1197.
Mann JJ. The neurobiology of suicide. Nat Med 1998;4(1):25-30.
Lester D. The concentration of neurotransmitter metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid of suicidal individuals: a meta-analysis. Pharmacopsychiatry 1995;28(2):45-50.
Sher L, Mann JJ, Traskman-Bendz L, Winchel R, Huang YY, Fertuck E, Stanley BH. Lower cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid levels in depressed suicide attempters. J Affect Disord 2006;90(1):83-89.
Traskman L, Asberg M, Bertilsson L, Sjostrand L. Monoamine metabolites in CSF and suicidal behavior. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:631–636.
Asberg M, Bertilsson L, Martensson B, Scalia-Tomba GP, Thoren P, Traskman-Bendz L. CSF monoamine metabolites in melancholia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1984;69:201–219.
Edman G, Asberg M, Levander S, Schalling D. Skin conductance habituation and cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in suicidal patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:586–592.
Roy A, Agren H, Pickar D, Linnoila M, Doran AR, Cutler NR, Paul SM. Reduced CSF concentrations of homovanillic acid and homovanillic acid to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ratios in depressed patients: relationship to suicidal behavior and dexamethasone nonsuppression. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:1539–1545.
Jones JS, Stanley B, Mann JJ, Frances AJ, Guido JR, Traskman-Bendz L, Winchel R, Brown RP, Stanley M. CSF 5-HIAA and HVA concentrations in elderly depressed patients who attempted suicide. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:1225–1227.
Roy A, Dejong J, Lamparski D, George T, Linnoila M. Depression among alcoholics: Relationship to clinical and cerebrospinal fluid variables. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:428–432.
Reddy PL, Khanna S, Subhash MN, Channabasavanna SM, Rao BS. CSF amine metabolites in depression. Biol Psychiatry 1992;31: 112–118.
Traskman-Bendz L, Alling C, Alasen M, Regnell G, Simonsson P, Ohman R. The role of monoamines in suicidal behavior. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993;371:45–47.
Mann JJ, Malone KM, Psych MR, Sweeney JA, Brown RP, Linnoila M, Stanley B, Stanley M. Attempted suicide characteristics and cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites in depressed inpatients. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996;15(6):576-586.
Mann JJ, Malone KM. Cerebrospinal fluid amines and higher lethality suicide attempts in depressed inpatients. Biol Psychiatry 1997;41:162–171.
Engström G, Alling CH, Blennow K, Regnéll G, Träskman-Bendz L. Reduced cerebrospinal HVA concentrations and HVA/5HIAA ratios in suicide attempters monoamine metabolites in 120 suicide attempters and 47 controls. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1999;9:399-405.
Stanley M, Mann JJ: Increased serotonin-2 binding sites in frontal cortex of suicide victims. Lancet 1983;1(8318):214-216.
Placidi GP, Oquendo MA, Malone KM, Huang YY, Ellis SP, Mann JJ. Aggressivity, suicide attempts, and depression: relationship to cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite levels. Biol Psychiatry 2001;50(10):783-791.
Palacios JM, Mengod G, Hoyer D. Brain Serotonin receptor subtypes: radioligand binding assays, second messengers, ligand autoradiography, and in situ hybridization histochemistry. En: Conn PM (ed). Receptors: molecular biology, receptor subclasses, localization, and ligand design. Methods in Neurosciences Vol. 12. San Diego, CA: Academic Press;1993.
Mann JJ, Brent DA, Arango V. The neurobiology and genetics of suicide and attempted suicide: a focus on the serotonergic system. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001;24(5):467-477.
Pandey GN, Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Ren X, Pandey SC, Pesold C, Roberts RC, Conley RR, Tamminga CA. Higher expression of serotonin 5-HT (2A) receptors in the postmortem brains of teenage suicide victims. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:419-429.
Arango V, Ernsberger P, Marzuk PM, Chen JS, Tierney H, Stanley M, Reis DJ, Mann JJ. Autoradiographic demonstration of increased serotonin 5-HT2 and beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites in the brain of suicide victims. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47(11):1038-1047.
Arango V, Underwood MD, Boldrini M, Tamir H, Kassir SA, Hsiung S, Chen JJ, Mann JJ. Serotonin 1A receptors, serotonin transporter binding and serotonin transporter mRNA expression in the brainstem of depressed suicide victims. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001;25(6):892–903.
Arango V, Underwood MD, Mann JJ: Serotonin brain circuits involved in major depression and suicide. Prog Brain Res 2002;136:443-453.
Pandey GN, Pandey SC, Dwidevi Y, Sharma RP, Janicak PG, Davis JM: Platelet serotonin-2A receptors: a potential biological marker for suicidal behavior. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:850-855.
Gross-Isseroff R, Biegon A, Voet H, Weizman A. The suicide brain a review of postmortem receptor/transporter binding studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1998;22(5):653-661.
Pandey GN, Pandey SC, Ren X, Dwivedi Y, Janicak PG. Serotonin receptors in platelets of bipolar and schizoaffective patients: effect of lithium treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002;170(2):115-123.
Blier P, Abbott FV. Putative mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs in affective and anxiety disorders and pain. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2001;26(1):37-43.
Miller LA. Impulsivity, risk-taking, and the ability to synthesize fragmented information after frontal lobectomy. Neuropsychologia 1992;30(1):69-79.
Davidson RJ, Putnam KM, Larson CL. Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation –a posible prelude to violence. Science 2000;289:591-594.
Oquendo MA, Placidi GP, Malone KM, Campbell C, Keilp J, Brodsky B, Kegeles LS, Cooper TB, Parsey RV, Van Heertum RL, Mann JJ. Positron emission tomography of regional brain metabolic responses to a serotonergic challenge and lethality of suicide attempts in major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60(1):14-22.
Kamally M, Oquendo MA, Mann JJ. Understanding the neurobiology of suicidal behavior. Depress Anxiety 2001;14(3):164-176.
Shallice T, Burgess P. The domain of supervisory processes and temporal organization of behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1996;351(1346):1405-1411.
Plutchik R. Outward and inward directed aggressiveness: the interaction between violence and suicidality. Pharmacopsychiatry 1995;Suppl 2:47-257.
Oquendo MA, Mann JJ. The biology of impulsivity and suicidality. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2000;23(1):11-25.
Tadano-Adano T, Abe Y, Morikawa Y, Asao T, Hozumi M, Takahashi N, Tan-No K, Kisara K. Involvement of dopaminergic neurons in mousekilling aggression in rats. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1997;19(8):527-531.
Ossawska G, Klenk-Majewska B, Zebrowska-Lupina L. Acute effect of dopamine agonists and some antidepressants in stress-induced deficit of fighting behavior. Pol J Pharmacol 1996;48(4):403-408.
Alex KD, Pehek EA. Pharmacologic mechanisms of serotonergic regulation of dopamine neurotransmission. Pharmacol Ther 2006;113(2):296-320.
Maris RW. Suicide. Lancet 2002;360:319-326.
Van Heeringen K. The neurobiology of suicide and suicidality. Can J Psychiatry 2003;48(5):292-300.
Conner KR, Cox C, Duberstein PR, Tian L, Nisbet PA, Conwell Y. Violence, alcohol, and completed suicide: a case-control study. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158(10):1701-1705.
Correa H, De Marco L, Boson W, Viana MM, Lima VF, Campi-Azevedo AC, Noronha JC, Guatimosim C, Romano-Silva MA. Analysis of T102C 5HT2A polymorphism in Brazilian psychiatric inpatients: relationship with suicidal behavior. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2002;22(5-6):813-817.
Arango V, Huang YY, Underwood MD, Mann JJ. Genetics of the serotonergic system in suicidal behavior. J Psychiatr Res 2003;37(5):375-386.
Courtet P, Jollant F, Castelnau D, Buresi C, Malafosse A. Suicidal behavior: relationship between phenotype and serotonergic genotype. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2005;133(1):25-33.
Viana MM, De Marco LA, Boson WL, Romano-Silva MA, Correa H. Investigation of A218C tryptophan hydroxylase polymorphism: association with familial suicide behavior and proband’s suicide attempt characteristics. Genes Brain Behav 2006;5(4):340-345.
Volavka J. The neurobiology of violence: an update. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosciences 1999;11:307-314.
Brunner J, Bronisch T. Neurobiological correlates of suicidal behavior. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1999;67(9):391-412.
Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Conley RR, Roberts RC, Tamminga CA, Pandey GN. Altered gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and receptor tyrosine kinase B in postmortem brain of suicide subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60(8):804-815.
Contreras CM, Azamar-Arismendi G, Saavedra M, Hernández-Lozano M. A Five-Day gradual reduction regimen of chlormadinone reduces premenstrual anxiety and depression: a pilot study. Arch Med Res 2006;37:907-913.
Hochberg Z, Pacak K, Chrousos GP. Endocrine withdrawal syndromes. Endocr Ver 2003;24(4):523-538.
Pandey GN, Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Ren X, Conley RR: Decreased catalytic activity and expression of protein kinase C isozymes in teenage suicide victims. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:685-693.
Mann JJ, McBride PA, Brown RP, Linnoila M, Leon AC, Demeo MD, Mieczkowski TA, Myers JE, Stanley M: Relationship between central and peripheral serotonin indexes in depressed and suicidal psychiatric inpatients. Arch Gen Psychiat 1992;49(6):442-446.
Pfeffer CR, Normandin L, Kakuma T. Suicidal children grow up: relations between family psychopathology and adolescents’ lifetime suicidal behavior. J Nerv Ment Dis 1998;186(5):269-275.
Chioqueta AP, Stiles TC. Suicide risk in outpatients with specific mood and anxiety disorders. Crisis 2003;24(3):105-112.
Tanskanen A, Vartiainen E, Tuomilehto J. High serum colesterol and risk suicide. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:648-650.
Lalovic A, Levy E, Canetti L, Sequeira A, Montoudis A, Turecki G: Fatty acid composition in postmortem brains of people who completed suicide. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2007;32(5):363-370.
Maes M, Christophe A, Delanghe J. Lowered omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipids and cholesteryl esters of depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 1999;85:275-291.
Alessandri JM, Guesnet P, Vancassel S. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the central nervous system: evolution of concepts and nutritional implications throughout life. Reprod Nutr Dev 2004;44:509-538.
Boston PF, Dursun SM, Reveley MA. Cholesterol and mental disorder. British J Psychiatry 1996;169:682-689.
Huang TL, Wu SCH, Chiang YS, Chen JF. Correlation between serum lipid, lipoprotein concentrations and anxious state, depressive state or major depressive disorder. Psychiat Res 2003;118:147-153.
Peet M, Murphy B, Shay J, Horrobin D. Depletion of omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 43:315-319.
Vartiainen D, Puska P, Kekkanen J, Tuomilehto J, Lonnqvist J, Ehnholn C. Serum cholesterol concentration and mortality from accidents, suicide, and other violent causes. BMJ 1994;309(6952):445-447.
Freedman DS, Byers T, Barrett DH, Stroup NE, Eaker E, Monroe-Blum H. Plasma lipid levels and psychologic characteristic in men. Am J Epidemiol 1995;141:507-517.
Iribarren C, Reed DM, Wergowske G, Burchfiel CM, Dwyer JH. Serum cholesterol level and mortality due to suicide and trauma in the Honolulu Heart Program. Arch Int Med 1995;155:695-700.
Zureik M, Courbon D, Ducimetiere P. Serum cholesterol concentration and death from suicide in men: Paris prospective study 1. Brit Med J 1996,313:649-651.
Alvarez C, Creminter D, Lesieur P, Gregorie A, Gilton A, Macquin-Mavies, Jarreau J, Spreux-Varoguax O. Low blood colesterol and low platelet serotonin levels in violent suicide attempts. Biol Psychiatry 1999;45:1066-1069.
Almeida-Montes LG, Valles-Sanchez V, Moreno-Auilar J, Chavez-Balderas RA, García-Marin JA, Cortes-Sotres JF, Heinze-Martin G. Relation of serum colesterol, lipid, serotonin and tryptophan levels to severity of depresión and to suicide attempts. J Psychiat Neurosci 2000;25:371-377.
Ellison LF, Morrison HI. Low serum cholesterol concentration and risk of suicide. Epidemiology 2001;12(2):168-172.
Deisenhammer EA, Kramer-Reintadler K, Liensberger D, Kemmler G, Hinterhuber H, Wolfgang FW. No evidence for an association between serum cholesterol and the course of depression and suicidality. Psychiatry Res 2004;121(3):253-261.
Brunner J, Bronisch T, Pfister H, Jacoi F, Höfler M, Wittchen HU. High colesterol, triglycerides, and body-mass indez in suicide attempters. Arch Suicide Res 2006;10(1):1-9.
Purves D, Agustine GJ, Fitzpatric D, Katz L, Lamantia AS, McNamara JO. Neurocience. Masschusetts: Sinauer Associates, INC Publishers;1997.
Djalali S, Holtje M, Grosse G, Rothe T, Stroh T, Grosse J, Deng DR, Hellweg R, Grantyn R, Hortnagl H, Ahnert-Hilger G. Effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on glial cells and serotonergic neurones during development. J Neurochem 2005;92(3):616-627.
Tsai SJ. Possible involvement of the BDNF-dependent pathway in treatment-emergent suicidality or decreased response to antidepressants. Med Hypotheses 2005;65(5):942-946.
Karege F, Vaudan G, Schwald M, Perroud N, La Harpe R. Neurotrophin levels in postmortem brains of suicide victims and the effects of antemortem diagnosis and psychotropic drugs. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2005;136(1-2):29-37.
Swaab DF, Bao AM, Lucassen PJ. The stress system in the human brain in depression and neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2005;4(2):141-194.
Chourbaji S, Hellweg R, Brandis D, Zorner B, Zacher C, Lang UE, Henn FA, Hortnagl H, Gass P. Mice with reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression show decreased choline acetyltransferase activity, but regular brain monoamine levels and unaltered emotional behavior. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2004;121(1-2):28-36.
Givalois L, Marmigere F, Rage F, Ixart G, Arancibia S, Tapia-Arancibia L: Immobilization stress rapidly and differentially modulates BDNF and TrkB mRNA expression in the pituitary gland of adult male rats. Neuroendocrinology 2001;74(3):148-159.
Smith MA, Makino S, Kvetnansky R, Post RM. Effects of stress on neurotrophic factor expression in the rat brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995;771:234-239.
Siuciak JA, Lewis DR, Wiegand SJ, Lindsay RM. Antidepressant-like effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997;56(1):131-137.
Shirayama Y, Chen AC, Nakagawa S, Russell DS, Duman RS: Brainderived neurotrophic factor produces antidepressant effects in behavioral models of depression. J Neurosci 2002;22(8):3251-3261.
Duman RS, Heninger GR, Nestler EJ. A molecular and cellular theory of depression. Arch Gen Psychiat 1997,54:597-606.
Mallei A, Shi B, Mocchetti I. Antidepressant treatments induce the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in cortical and hippocampal neurons. Mol Pharmacol 2002;61:1017-1024.
Kim YK, Lee HP, Won SD, Park EY, Lee HY, Lee BH, Lee SW, Yoon D, Han C, Kim DJ, Choi SH. Low plasma BDNF is associated with suicidal behavior in major depression. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007;31(1):78-85.
Wilner P: Animal models of depression. En: Den Boer JA, Sitsen JM (eds). Handbook of depression and anxiety. A biological approach. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc;1994.
Seligman ME. Helplessnes on development, depression and death. New York: Freeman and Company Press;1975.
Weiss JM. Effects of coping behavior with and without a feedback signal conditions on stress pathology in rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1971;77:1-13.
Seligman ME, Maier SF. Failure to escape traumatic shock. J Exp Psychiat 1967;122:1-9.
Overmier JB. On learned Helplessness. Int Physiol Behav Sci 2002;37(1):4-8.
Berton O, Covington HE, Ebner K, Tsankova NM, Carle TL, Ulery P, Bhonsle A, Barrot M, Krishnan V, Singewald GM, Singewald N, Birnbau M, Neve RL, Nestler EJ. Induction of deltaFosB in the periaqueductal gray by stress promotes active coping responses. Neuron 2007;55(2):289-300.
Kaur R, Chopra K, Singh D: Role of alpha2 receptors in quercetin-induced behavioral despair in mice. J Med Food 2007;10(1):165-168.
Fu AL, Wu SP, Dong ZH, Sun MJ. A novel therapeutic approach to depression via supplement with tyrosine hydroxylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006;351(1):140-145.
Bertaina-Anglade V, La Rochelle CD, Scheller DK. Antidepressant properties of rotigotine in experimental models of depression. Eur J Pharmacol 2006;548(1-3): 106-114.
Koponen E, Rantamäki T, Voikar V, Saarelainen T, MacDonald E, Castrén E. Enhanced BDNF signaling is associated with an antidepressantlike behavioral response and changes in brain monoamines. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2005;25(6):973-980.
Deak T, Bellamy C, D’Agostino LG, Rosanoff M, Mcelderry NK, Bordner KA. Behavioral responses during the forced swim test are not affected by anti-inflammatory agents or acute illness induced by lipopolysaccharide. Behav Brain Res 2005;160(1):125-134.
Pedrazzoli M, Benedito MA. Rapid eye movement sleep deprivationinduced down-regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors in the rat brainstem and hippocampus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004;79(1):31-36.
Tiihonen J, Lönnqvist J, Wahlbeck K, Klaukka T, Tanskanen A, Haukka J. Antidepressants and the risk of suicide, attempted suicide, and overall mortality in a nationwide cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63(12):1358-1367.
Ukai M, Maeda H, Nanya Y, Kameyama T, Matsuno K. Beneficial effects of acute and repeated administrations of sigma receptor agonists on behavioral despair in mice exposed to tail suspension. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998;61(3):247-252.
Sallinen J, Haapalinna A, MacDonald E, Viitamaa T, Lähdesmäki J, Rybnikova E, Pelto-Huikko M, Kobilka BK, Scheinin M. Genetic alteration of the alpha2-adrenoceptor subtype c in mice affects the development of behavioral despair and stress-induced increases in plasma corticosterone levels. Mol Psychiatry 1999;4(5):443-452.
Morgane PJ, Galler JR, Mokler DJ. A review of systems and networks of the limbic forebrain/limbic midbrain. Prog Neurobiol 2005;75(2):143-160.
Contreras CM, Alcalá-Herrera V, Marván ML. Action on antidepressant on the septal nuclei on the rat. Physiol Behav 199;46:793-798.
Contreras CM, Rodríguez-Landa JF, Gutiérrez-García AG, Bernal-Morales B. The lowest effective dose of fluoxetine in the forced swim test significantly affects the firing rate of lateral septal nucleus neurones in the rat. J Psychopharmacol 2001;15(4):231-236.
Thomas E, Yadin E, Strickland CE. Septal unit activity during classical conditioning: a regional comparison. Brain Res 1991;547:303-308.
Contreras CM ,Chacón L, Rodríguez-Landa JF, Bernal-Morales B, Gutiérrez-García AG. Spontaneous firing rate of lateral septal neurons decreases after forced swimming test in Wistar rat. Prog Neuro-psychopharmacol Biol Psychiat 2004;28(2):343-348.
Olds J, Milner P. Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1954;47(6):419-427.
American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4ta ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
Loas G, Perot JM, Chignague JF, Trespalacios H, Delahousse J. Parasuicide, anhedonia, and depression. Compr Psychiatry 2000;41(5):369-372.
Eichelman B. The limbic system and aggression in humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1983;7(3):391-394.
Davis M, Rainnie D, Cassell M: Neurotransmission in the rat amygdala related to fear and anxiety. Trends Neurosci 1994;17(5):208-214.
Adolphs R, Tranel D, Damasio AR. The human amygdala in social judgment. Nature 1998;393(6684):470-474.
Cahill L, Mcgaugh JL. Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory. Trends Neurosci 1998;21(7):294-299.
McDonald AJ. Cortical pathways to the mammalian amygdala. Prog Neurobiol 1998;55(3):257-332.
Muller JL, Sommer M, Weber T, Hajak G. Neurobiology of violence: results of empirical and experimental studies of reactive violence. Psychiatr Prax 2004;Suppl 1:S50-1.
Young LT, Bezchlibnyk YB, Chen B, Wang JF, Macqueen GM. Amygdala cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein phosphorylation in patients with mood disorders: effects of diagnosis, suicide, and drug treatment. Biol Psychiatry 2004;55(6):570-577.
Pandey GN, Dwivedi Y, Pandey SC, Teas SS, Conley RR, Roberts RC, Tamminga CA. Low phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C activity and expression of phospholipase C beta1 protein in the prefrontal cortex of teenage suicide subjects. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156(12):1895-1901.
Reiach JS, Li PP, Warsh JJ, Kish SJ, Young LT. Reduced adenylyl cyclase immunolabeling and activity in postmortem temporal cortex of depressed suicide victims. J Affect Disord 1999;56(2-3):141-151.
Roy-Byrne PP. The GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex: structure, function, and role in anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66 Suppl 2:14-20.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática: Estadística de intentos de suicidio y suicidios. Cuaderno no. 8. México:INEGI;2002.
Franklin TB, Perrot-sinal TS. Sex and ovarian steroids modulate brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels in rat hippocampus under stressful and non-stressful conditions. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006;31(1):38-48.
Dubrovsky BO. Steroids, neuroactive steroids and neurosteroids in psychopathology. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005;29(2):169-92.
Contreras CM, Lara-Morales H, Molina-Hernández M, Saavedra M, Arrellín-Rosas G. An Early Lesion of the Lateral Septal Nuclei Produces Changes in the Forced Swim Test Depending on Gender. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiat 1995;19:1277-1284.
Robel P, Baulieu EE. Neurosteroids: Biosynthesis and function. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1994;5:1-18.
Martínez-Mota L, Contreras CM, Saavedra M. Progesterone reduces immobility in rats forced to swim. Arch Med Res 1999;30:286-289.
Estrada-Camarena E, Contreras CM, Saavedra M, Luna-Baltazar I, LopeZ-Rubalcava C. Participation of the lateral septal nuclei (LSN) in the antidepressant-like actions of progesterone in the forced swimming test (FST). Behav Brain Res 2002;134(1-2):175-183.
Khan A, Brodhead AE, Schwartz KA, Kolts RL, Brown WA. Sex differences in antidepressant response in recent antidepressant clinical trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005;25(4):318-324.
Richardson TA, Robinson RD. Menopause and depression: a review of psychologic function and sex steroid neurobiology during the menopause(1). Prim. Care Update Ob Gyns 2000;7(6):215-223.
Higley JD, Mehlman PT, Poland RE, Taub DM, Vickers J, Suomi SJ, Linnoila M. CSF testosterone and 5-HIAA correlate with different types of aggressive behaviors. Biol Psychiatry 1996;40(11):1067-1082.
Fazel S, Grann M, Ahlner J, Goodwin G. Suicides by Violent Means in Individuals Taking SSRIs and Other Antidepressants: A Postmortem Study in Sweden, 1992-2004. J Clin Psychopharmaco 2007;27(5):503-506.
Leon AC, Marzuk PM, Tardiff K, Teres JJ. Paroxetine, other antidepressants, and youth suicide in New York City: 1993 through 1998. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65(7):915-918.
Dahlberg M, Lundin D. Antidepressants and the suicide rate: is there really a connection? Adv Health Econ Health Serv Res 2005;16:121-141.
Sakinofsky I. Treating suicidality in depressive illness. Part 2: does treatment cure or cause suicidality? Can J Psychiatry 2007;52(6 Suppl 1):85S-101S.
Gonda X, Fountoulakis KN, Kaprinis G, Rihmer Z. Prediction and prevention of suicide in patients with unipolar depression and anxiety. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2007;6(1):23.
Sakinofsky I. Treating suicidality in depressive illness. Part I: current controversies. Can J Psychiatry 2007;52(6 Suppl 1):71S-84S.
March J, Silva S, Petrycki S, Curry J, Wells K, Fairbank J, Burns B, Domino M, Mcnulty S, Vitiello B, Severe J. Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression: Treatment for adolescents with depression study (TADS) randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;292(7):807-820.
Wong IC, Besag FM, Santosh PJ, Murray ML. Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in children and adolescents. Drug Saf 2004;27(13): 991-1000.
Rossi A, Barraco A, Donda P. Fluoxetine: a review on evidence based medicine. Ann Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2004; 3(1): 2.
Doggrell SA. Fluoxetine-do the benefits outweigh the risk in adolescent major depression? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2005;6(1):147-150.
Teicher MH, Glod C, Cole JO: Emergence of intense suicidal preoccupation during fluoxetine treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:207-210.
Lapierre YD. Suicidality with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: valid claim? Rev Psychiatr Neurosci 2003;28(5):340-347.
Jick H, Kaye JA, Jick SS. Antidepressants and the risk of suicidal behaviors. JAMA 2004;292(3):338-343.
Healy D, Alfred G. Antidepressant drug use & the risk of suicide. Int Rev Psychiatry 2005;17(3):163-172.
Milane MS, Suchard MA, Wong ML, Licinio J. Modeling of the temporal patterns of fluoxetine prescriptions and suicide rates in the United States. PLoS Med 2006;3(6):e190.
Kurian BT, Ray WA, Arbogast PG, Fuchs DC, Dudley JA, Cooper WO. Effect of regulatory warnings on antidepressant prescribing for children and adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007;161(7):690-696.
Gibbons RD, Brown CH, Hur K, Marcus SM, Bhaumik DK, Erkens JA, Herings RM, Mann JJ. Early evidence on the effects of regulators’ suicidality warnings on SSRI prescriptions and suicide in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164(9):1356-1363.
Jimenez-Arriero M, Fernández I, Vidal J, Herráez C, Parellada M, Cruz M, Pérez-Cayuela P, Ausejo M. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: use in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2007;35(5):342-350.
Hetrick S, Merry S, Mckenzie J, Sindahl P, Proctor M. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for depressive disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;18(3):CD004851.
Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Strombom IM, Dominguez S, Fawcett J, Licinio J, Oquendo MA, Tollefson GD, Valuck RJ, Tohen M. Ecological studies of antidepressant treatment and suicidal risks. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2007;15(4):133-145.
Kaizar EE, Greenhouse JB, Seltman H, Kelleher K. Do antidepressants cause suicidality in children? A Bayesian meta-analysis. Clin Trials 2006;3(2):73-98.
Gibbons RD, Brown CH, Hur K, Marcus SM, Bhaumik DK, Mann JJ. Relationship between antidepressants and suicide Attempts: and data sets. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:1044-1049.
Sharp SC, Hellings JA. Efficacy and safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of depression in children and adolescents: practitioner review. Clin Drug Investig 2006;26(5):247-255.
Bridge JA, Iyengar S, Salary CB, Barbe RP, Birmaher B, Pincus HA, Ren L, Brent DA. Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2007;297(15): 1683-1696.
Bhatia SK, Bhatia SC. Childhood and adolescent depression. Am Fam Physician 2007;75(1):73-80.
Cohen D. Should the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in child and adolescent depression be banned? Psychother Psychosom 2007;76(1):5-14.
Simon GE, Savarino J. Suicide attempts among patients starting depression treatment with medications or psychotherapy. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164(7):1029-1034.
Hegerl U. Antidepressants and suicidality: Risk-benefit analysis. Nervenarzt 2007;78(1):7-14.
Bailly D. Safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants in children and adolescents. Presse Med 2006;35(10 Pt 2):1507-1515.
March JS, Klee BJ, Kremer CM. Treatment benefit and the risk of suicidality in multicenter, randomized, controlled trials of sertraline in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2006;16(1-2): 91-102.
Papakostas GI, Thase ME, Fava M, Craig NJ, Shelton RC. Are antidepressant drugs that combine serotonergic and noradrenergic mechanisms of action more effective than the selective serotonin euptake inhibitors in treating major depressive disorder? A Meta-analysis of Studies of Newer Agents. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62(11):1217-1227.
Shelton CI. Long-term management of major depressive disorder: are differences among antidepressant treatments meaningful? J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65 Suppl 17:29-33.
Davidson JR, Meoni P, Haudiquet V, Cantillon M, Hackett D. Achieving remission with venlafaxine and fluoxetine in major depression: its relationship to anxiety symptoms. Depress Anxiety 2002;16(1):4-13.
Ryan ND. Child and adolescent depression: short-term treatment effectiveness and long-term opportunities. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2003;12(1):44-53.
Bauer MS, Wisniewski SR, Kogan JN, Marangell LB, Thase ME, Sachs G. Brief report: paroxetine in younger and adult individuals at high risk for suicide. Psychopharmacol Bull 2006;39(1):31-37.
Khan A, Schwartz K. Suicide risk and symptom reduction in patients assigned to placebo in duloxetine and escitalopram clinical trials: analysis of the FDA summary basis of approval reports. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2007;19(1):31-36.
Baldwin DS, Reines EH, Guiton C, WEILLER E. Escitalopram therapy for major depression and anxiety disorders. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41:1583-1592.
Tauschner-Wisniewski S, Disch D, Plewes J, Ball S, Beasly CM. Evaluating suicide-related adverse events in clinical trials of fluoxetine treatment in adults for indications other than major depressive disorder. Psychol Med 2007;20:1-9.
Perlis RH, Beasley CM, Wines JD, Tamura RN, Cusin C, Shear D, Amsterdam J, Quitkin F, STrong RE, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M. Treatment-associated suicidal ideation and adverse effects in an open, multicenter trial of fluoxetine for major depressive episodes. Psychother Psychosom 2007;76(1):40-46.
Tiihonen J, Lönnqvist J, Wahlbeck K, Klaukka T, Tanskanen A, Haukka J. Antidepressants and the risk of suicide, attempted suicide, and overall mortality in a nationwide cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63(12):1358-1367.
Kölch M, Fegert JM. Medical treatment of depression in children and adolescents. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr 2007;56(3):224-233.
Andrade C, Bhakta SG, Singh NM. Controversy revisited: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in paediatric depression. World J Boil Psychiatry 2006;7(4):251-260.
Boylan K, Romero S, Birmaher B. Psychopharmacologic treatment of pediatric major depressive disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007;191(1):27-38.
Emslie G, Kratochvil C, Vitiello B, Silva S, Mayes T, Mcnulty S, Weller E, Waslick B, Casat C, Walkup J, Pathak S, Rohde P, Posner K, March J; Columbia Suicidality Classification Group; TADS TEAM. Treatment for adolescents with depression study (TADS): safety results. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;45(12):1440-1455.
Hughes CW, Emslie GJ, Crismon ML, Posner K, Birmaher B, Ryan N, Jensen P, Curry J, Vitiello B, Lopez M, Shon SP, Pliszka SR, Trivedi MH; Texas Consensus Conference Panel on Medication Treatment of Childhood Major Depressive Disorder. Texas children’s medication algorithm project: update from Texas Consensus Conference Panel on Medication Treatment of Childhood Major Depressive Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;46(6):667-686.
Nilsson A. Lithium therapy and suicide risk. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;Suppl 2:85-88.
Tondo L, Hennen J, Baldessarini RJ. Lower suicide risk with long-term lithium treatment in major affective illness: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001;104(3):163-172.
Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Hennen J. Treating the suicidal patient with bipolar disorder. Reducing suicide risk with lithium. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;932:24-38.
Czapinski P, Blaszczyk B, Czuczwar SJ. Mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs. Curr Top Med Chem 2005,5(1):3-14.
Ashton H, Young AH. GABA-ergic drugs: exit stage left, enter stage right. J Psychopharmacol 2003;17(2):174-178.
Sthal SM. Anticonvulsants as anxiolytics, part 1: tiagabine and other anticonvulsants with actions on GABA. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65(3):291-292.
Elliot EE, White JM. Long-term abecarnil administration produces tolerance and withdrawal signs in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2000;394(2-3):237-245.
Nathan RG, Robinson D, Cherek DR, Davison S, Sebastián S, Hack M. Long-term benzodiazepine use and depresión. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142(1):144-145.
Wolter-Henseler DK, Gadatsch MA, Schulte E. Depression and benzodiazepine dependence in the elderly. On the complexity of psychiatric manifestations and psychiatric treatment. Psychiatr Prax 1994;21(4):157-159.
Staikowsky F, Theil F, Candella S. Trends in the pharmaceutical profile of intentional drug overdoses seen in the emergency room. Presse Med 2005;34(12):842-846.
Weissman MM, Klerman GL, Markowitz JS, Ouellette R. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in panic disorder and attacks. N Engl J Med 1989;60(Suppl 2):1209-1214.
Lecrubier Y. Risk factors for suicide attempts: epidemiological evidence. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1998;X:S114.
Maniere F, Boutges B, Allouche M, Richard-Berthe C, Corruble E. Anxiety and depressive disorders in 4,425 long term benzodiazepine users in general practice. Encephale 2007;33(1):32-38.
Texas Medication Algorithm Project (TMAP). Depression Module. Austin: Texas Department of Mental Health;1998.
American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder (Revision). Am J Psychiatry 2000;157.
Neutel CI, Patten SB. Risk of suicide attempts after benzodiazepine and/or antidepressant use. Ann Epidemiol 1997;7(8):568-574.
Carlsten A, Waern M, Holmgren P, Allebeck P. The role of benzodiazepines in elderly suicides. Scand J Public Health 2003;31(3):224-228.
Kravitz HM, Fawcett J, Newman AJ. Alprazolam and depression: a review of risks and benefits. J Clin Psychiatry 1993;54: S78-84.
Neale G, Smith AJ. Self-harm and suicide associated with benzodiazepine usage. Br J Gen Pract 2007;57(538):407-408.
Berman ME, Jones GD, Mccloskey MS. The effects of diazepam on human self-aggressive behavior. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005;178(1):100-106.
Ben-Porath DD, Taylor SP. The effects of diazepam (valium) and aggressive disposition on human aggression: an experimental investigation. Addict Behav 2002;27(2):167-177.
Bond AJ, Curran HV, Bruce MS, O’sullivan G, Shine P. Behavioural aggression in panic disorder after 8 weeks’ treatment with alprazolam. J Affect Disord 1995;35(3):117-123.
Voyer P, Verreault R, Azizah GM, Desrosiers J, Champoux N, Bédard A. Prevalence of physical and verbal aggressive behaviours and associated factors among older adults in long-term care facilities. BMC Geriatr 2005;5:13.
Berk M. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in mixed anxiety-depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;15:S41-S45.
Doraiswamy PM. Contemporary management of comorbid anxiety and depression in geriatric patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:30–35.
Nutt DJ, Stein DJ. Understanding the neurobiology of comorbidity in anxiety disorders. CNS Spectr 2006;11(10 Suppl 12):13-20.
Papakostas GI, Trivedi MH, Alpert JE, Seifert CA, Krishen A, Goodale EP, Tucker VL. Efficacy of bupropion and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of anxiety symptoms in major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis of individual patient data from 10 doubleblind, randomized clinical trials. J Psychiatr Res 2008;42(2):134-40.
Izumi T, Inoue T, Kitaichi Y, Nakagawa S, Koyama T. Target brain sites of the anxiolytic effect of citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Eur J Pharmacol 2006;534(1-3):129-132.
Martinowich K, Lu B. Interaction between BDNF and Serotonin: Role in Mood Disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007;33(1): 73-83.
De Paulis T. Drug evaluation: Vilazodone—a combined SSRI and 5-HT1A partial agonist for the treatment of depression. IDrugs 2007;10(3):193-201.
Marazziti D, Dell’Osso B, Baroni S, Masala I, Di Nasso E, Giannaccini G, Conti L. Decreased density of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in psychiatric patients after a suicide attempt. Life Sci 2005;77(26):3268-3275.
De Boer SF, Lesourd M, Mocaër E, Koolhaas JM. Somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors mediate the anti-agressive actions of 5-HT1A receptor agonists in rats: an ethopharmacological study with S-15535, alnespirone, and WAY-100635. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000;23(1):20-33.
Battaglia J, Wolff TK, Wagner-Johnson DS, Rush AJ, Carmody TJ, Basco MR. Structured diagnostic assessment and depot fluphenazine treatment of multiple suicide attempters in the emergency department. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1999;14(6):361-372.
Siris SG. Suicide and schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol 2001; 1(2):127-135.
Keck PE, Strakowski SM, Mcelroy SL. The efficacy of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of depressive symptoms, hostility, and suicidality in patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;Suppl 3:4-9.
Mann JJ, McBride PA, Stanley M. Postmortem serotonergic and adrenergic receptor binding to frontal cortex: correlations with suicide. Psychopharmacol Bull 1986;22(3):647-649.
Blier P, Keller MB, Pollack MH, Thase ME, Zajecka JM, Dunner DL. Preventing recurrent depression: long-term treatment for major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68(3):e06.
Sharma V. The effect of electroconvulsive therapy on suicide risk in patients with mood disorders. Can J Psychiatry 2001;46(8):704-709.
Tran PV, Hamilton SH, Kuntz AJ, Potvin JH, Andersen SW, Beasley CJR, Tollefson GD. Double-blind comparison of olanzapine versus risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997;17(5):407-418.
Kohn Y, Freedman N, Lester H, Krausz Y, Chisin R, Lerer B, Bonne O. 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT study of cerebral perfusion after treatment with medication and electroconvulsive therapy in major depression. J Nucl Med 2007;48(8):1273-1278.
Carpenter LL. Neurostimulation in resistant depression. J Psychopharmacol 2006;20(3 Suppl):35-40.
Rau A, Grossheinrich N, Palm U, Pogarell O, Padberg F. Transcranial and deep brain stimulation approaches as treatment for depression. Clin EEG Neurosci 2007;38(2):105-115.
Healy D, Whitaker C. Antidepressants and suicide: risk-benefit conundrums. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2003;28(5):331-337.
Full text