medigraphic.com
ISSN 0185-3325 (Print)
Órgano Oficial del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz

2002, Number 3

<< Back

Salud Mental 2002; 25 (3)

Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of learning and memory: memory systems of the brain, long term potentiation, and synaptic plasticity. Part III A

Leff P, Matus M, Hernández A, Medécigo M, Torner C, Antón B

Language: English
References: 53
Page: 64-77
PDF size: 469.19 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Recent theories postulate that memory can be divided into multiple brain memory systems. Although memory systems depend on the function of variables based on the level of analysis and are subserved by different neural substrates, current definitions of memory systems have categorized them as psychological and biological entities. Under such context, the studies of different memory systems have shown that complex interactions take place during performance of any memory task. Such interactions among multiple memory systems are based on dynamic interactive independent neural networks which make possible the better understanding of how memory systems work in the brain of mammals. Both behavioral and electrophysiological studies over the last decades demonstrate that learning and memory are encoded through activity dependent changes of the strength of synaptic connections between neurons, as experimentally demonstrated by Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) in mammalian synapses. LTP is a form of synaptic plasticity, and is considered as an accepted cellular model for stabilization of synapses involved in the expression of several neurobiological phenomena. Most of the understanding of the neurochemical, pharmacological, and molecular mechanisms involved in LTP induction, expression, and maintenance, have been demonstrated through the involvement of glutamate neurotransmission system, as well as through the different glutamate receptor subtypes, known to be expressed widely in different neural networks of the brain of mammals.


REFERENCES

  1. AGGLETON JP, VANN SD, OSWALD CJ, GOOD, M.: Identifying cortical inputs to the rat hippocampus that subserve allocentric spatial processes: a simple problem with complex answer. Hippocampus, 10:466-474, 2000.

  2. ARAMORI I, NAKANISHI S: Signal transduction and pharmacological characteristics of a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR1, in transfected CHO cells. Neuron, 8:757-765, 1992.

  3. ASHER P, NOWAK L: The role of divalent cations in the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid responses of mouse central neurones in culture. J Physiol, 399:247-266, 1988.

  4. BARRIONUEVO G, KELSO S, JOHNTON D, BROWN TH: Conductance mechanisms responsible for longterm- potentiation in monosynaptic and isolated excitatory synaptic inputs to the hippocampus. J Neurophysiol, 55:540-550, 1986.

  5. BASHIR ZI, BORTOLOTO ZA, DAVIES CH, BERRETTA N, IRVING AJ: Induction of LTP in the hippocampus needs synaptic activation of glutamate metabotropic receptors. Nature, 363:347-50, 1993.

  6. BEGGS JM, BROWN TH, BYRNE JH, CROW T, LeDOUX JE, LeBAR KS, THOMPSON RF: Learning and memory: Basic mechanism. In: Fundamental Neuroscience. Zigmond MJ, Bloom FE, Landis SC, Roberts JL, Squire LR (eds.). Chapter 55. Academic Press, pp.1411-54, San Diego, 1999.

  7. BLACKSTONE CD, MOSS SJ, MARTIN LJ, LEVEY AI, PRICE DL, HUGANIR RL: Biochemical characterization and localization of a non- N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor in rat brain. J Neurochem, 58:1118– 1126, 1992.

  8. BLISS TVP, COLLINGRIDGE GL: A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature, 361:31-39, 1993.

  9. BLISS TVP, LOMO T: Long lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. J Physiol, 232:331-56, 1973.

  10. BORTOLOTTO ZA, BISHIR ZI, DAVIES CH, COLLINGRIDGE GL: A molecular switch activated by metabotropic glutamate receptors regulates induction of long–term potentiation. Nature, 368:740-43, 1994.

  11. BOULTER J, HOLLMANN M, O’SHEA-GREENFIELD A, HARTLEY M, DENERIS E, MARON C, HEINE-MANN: Molecular cloning and functional expression of glutamate receptor subunit genes. Science, 249:1033- 1037, 1990.

  12. BROWN TH, GANONG AH, KAIRISS EW, KEENAN CL: Hebbian synapses: biophysical mechanisms and algorithms. Ann Rev Neurosci, 13:475-512, 1990.

  13. DEUTCH AR, ROTH RH: Neurotransmitters. In: Fundamental Neuroscience. Zigmond MJ, Bloom FE, Landis SC, Roberts JL, Squire LR (eds). Chapter 8, pp. 193-234, Academic Press, San Diego, 1999.

  14. EHLERS MD, ZHANG S, BERNHARDT JP, HUGANIR RL: Inactivation of NMDA receptors by direct interaction of calmodulin with the NR1 subunit. Cell, 84:745-755, 1996.

  15. EICHENBAUM HB, CAHIL LF, GLUCK MA, HASSELMO ME, KEIL FC et al.: Learning and memory: System analysis. In: Fundamental Neuroscience. Zigmond MJ, Bloom FE, Landis SC, Roberts JL, Squire LR (eds). Chapter 56, pp. 1455-86, Academic Press, San Diego, 1999.

  16. GROVER LM, TEYLER TJ: Different mechanisms may be required for maintenance of NMDA receptor– dependent and independent forms of long-term potentiation. Synapse, 19(2):121-133, 1995.

  17. HARRIS MK: How multiple synapses boutons could preserve input specificity during an interneuronal spread of LTP. Trends Neurosci, 18(8):365-369, 1995.

  18. HOLLMAN M, O’SHEA-GREENFIELD A, ROGERS SW, HEINEMANN S: Cloning by functional expression of a member of the glutamate receptor family. Nature, 342: 643-648, 1989.

  19. HOLLMAN M, HEINEMANN S: Cloned glutamate receptors. Ann Rev Neurosci, 17:31-108, 1994.

  20. HOLMES WR, LEVY WB: Insights into associative longterm potentiation from computational models of NMDA receptor-mediated calcium influx and intracellular calcium changes. J Neurophysiol, 63:1148-1168, 1990.

  21. JOHNSTON D, WILLIAMS D, JAFFE D, GRAY R: NMDA receptors–independent long-term potentiation. Annu Rev Physiol, 54:489-505, 1992.

  22. KEINANEN K, WISDEN W, SOMMER B, WERNER P, HERB A, VERDOORN TA, SAKMANN B, SEEBURG PH: A family of AMPA– selective glutamate receptors. Science, 249:556-560, 1990.

  23. KIM JJ, LEE HJ, HANS JS, PACKARD MG et al.: Amygdala is critical for stress-induced modulation of hipoccampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and learning. J Neurosci, 21(14):5222-28, 2001.

  24. KIM JJ, BAXTER MG: Multiple brain-memory systems: the whole does not equal the sum of its parts. Trends Neurosci, 24(6):324-330, 2001.

  25. KIM JJ, THOMPSON RF: Cerebelar circuits and synaptic mechanisms involved in classical eyeblink conditioning. Trend Neurosci, 20:177-181, 1997.

  26. KOBILKA B: Adrenergic receptors as models for G protein-coupled receptors. Ann Rev Neurosci, 15:87- 114, 1992.

  27. KUTSUWADA T, KASHIWABUCHI N, MORI H, SAKIMURA K et al.: Molecular diversity of the NMDA receptor channels. Nature, 358:36-41, 1992.

  28. LeDOUX JE: Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu Rev Neurosci, 23:155-184, 2000.

  29. LOMELI H, MOSBACHER J, MELCHER T, HOGER T et al.: Control of kinetic properties of AMPA receptors channels by nuclear RNA editing. Science, 266:1709- 1713, 1994.

  30. MAGEE JC, JOHNSTON D: A synaptically controlled, associative signal for Hebbian plasticity in hippocampal neurons. Science, 275:209-13, 1997.

  31. MARTIN SJ, GRIMWOOD PD, MORRIS GM: Synaptic plasticity and memory: An evaluation of the hypothesis. Annu Rev Neurosci, 23:649-711, 2000.

  32. McCORMICK DA et al.: The engram found? Role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning of nictitating membrane and eyelid responses. Bull Psychon Soc, 18:103-105, 1982.

  33. MCDONALD RJ, WHITE NM: Parallel information processing in the water maze: evidence for independent memory systems involving dorsal striatum and hippocampus. Behav Neural Biol, 61:260-270, 1994.

  34. McGAUGH JL: Memory – a century of consolidation. Science, 287:248-251, 2000.

  35. MEGURO H, MORI H, ARAKI K, KUSHIKA E, KUTSUWADA T et al.: Functional characterization of a heteromeric NMDA receptor channel expressed from cloned cDNAs. Nature, 357:70-74, 1992.

  36. MIZOBE T, MAZE M, LAM V, SURYANARAYANA S, KOBILKA BK: Arrangement of transmembrane domains in adrenergic receptors: Similarity to bacteriorhodopsin. J Biol Chem, 271:2387-2389, 1996.

  37. MONYER H, SPRENGEL R, SCHOEPFEER R, HERB A et al.: Heteromeric NMDA receptors: molecular and functional distinction of subtypes. Science, 256:1217- 1221, 1992.

  38. MORIYOSHI K, MASU M, ISHII T, SHIGEMOTO R, MIZUNO N, NAKANISHI S: Molecular cloning and characterization of the rat NMDA receptor. Nature, 354:31-37, 1991.

  39. NAKANISHI N, SHNEIDER NA, AXEL R: A family of glutamate receptor genes: Evidence for the formation heteromultimeric receptors with distinct channels properties. Neuron, 5:569-581, 1990.

  40. PACKARD MG: Glutamate infused posttraining into the hippocampus or caudate-putamen diferentially strengthens place and response learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA), 96:12881-12886, 1999.

  41. PITKANEN A, SAVENDER V, LeDOUX JE: Organization of intra-amygdaloid circuitries in the rat. An emerging framework for understanding functions of the amygdala. Trends Neurosci, 20:517-23, 1997.

  42. RESCOLA RA: Behavioral studies of Pavlovian conditioing. Annu Rev Neurosci, 11:329-352, 1988.

  43. SOLOMON PR, VANDER-SCHAAF ER, THOMPSON RF, WEISZ DJ: Hippocampus and trace conditioning of the rabbit´s classically conditioned nictitating membrane response. Behav Neurosci, 100:729-744, 1986.

  44. SOMMER B, KEINANEN K, VERDOORN TA, WISDEN W et al.: Flip and flop: A cell- specific functional switch in glutamate-operated channels of the CNS. Science, 249:1580-1585, 1990.

  45. SQUIRE LR: Memory and brain. Oxford University Press. Oxford, 1987.

  46. STRADER CD, FONG TM, GRAZIANO MP, TOTA MR: The family of G-protein-coupled receptors. FASEB J, 9:745-754, 1995.

  47. THOMPSON RF, KIM JJ: Memory systems in the brain and localization of a memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA), 93:13438-13444, 1996.

  48. WATKINS JC, KROGSGAARD-LAERSEN P, HONO-RE T: Structure activity relationships in the development of excitatory aminoacid receptor agonists and competitive antagonists. Trends Pharmacol Sci, 11:25- 33, 1990.

  49. WAXHAM MN: Neurotransmitter receptors. In: Fundamental Neuroscience. Zigmond MJ, Bloom FE, Landis SC, Roberts JL, Squire LR (eds). Chapter 9. Academic Press, pp. 235-267, San Diego, 1999.

  50. WENTHOLD RJ, YOKOTANI N, DOI K, WADA K: Immunochemical characterization of the non-NMDA glutamate receptor using subunit-specific antibodies: Evidence for a hetero-oligomeric structure in rat brain. J Biol Chem, 267:501-507, 1992.

  51. XIANG Z, GREENWOOD AC, KAIRISS EW, BROWN TH: Quantal mechanisms of long-term potentiation in hippocampal moss-fiber synapses. J Neurophysiol, 71: 2552-2556, 1994.

  52. ZADOR A, KOCH C, BROWN TH: Biophysical model of a Hebbian synapse. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA), 87(16):6718-6722, 1990.

  53. ZOLA-MORGAN SM, SQUIRE LR: The primate hippocampal formation: Evidence for the time-limited role in memory storage. Science, 250:288-290, 1990.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com