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Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública

2007, Number S3

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salud publica mex 2007; 49 (S3)

Dyslipidemias and obesity in Mexico

Barquera S, Flores M, Olaiz-Fernández G, Monterrubio E, Villalpando S, González C, Rivera JÁ, Sepúlveda J

Language: English
References: 67
Page: 338-347
PDF size: 214.93 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Objective. To describe in a national sample 1) the mean total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDLc) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations, 2) the prevalence of the most common lipid abnormalities and 3) the association between obesity and these conditions. Material and Methods. We analyzed the nationally representative, cross-sectional Mexican Health Survey (2000). The final analytic sample used consisted of 2 351 individuals at fasting state. TC, HDLc and TG were determined. BMI was classified according to the WHO cut-off points. Sex-specific means and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated by age group for TC, HDLc and TG. The prevalence of: a) hypercholesterolemia (HC), b) hypoalphalipoproteinemia (HA), c) hypertriglyceridemia (HT), d) HT with HA and e) HC with HT was calculated adjusting for age. Multivariate logistic regression models were estimated to analyze the association of obesity to the prevalence of dyslipidemias. Results. The mean TC, HDLc, and TG concentrations were: 197.5 mg/dl (95% CI= 194.0, 201.1), 38.4 mg/dl (95% CI= 37.2, 39.5) and 181.7 mg/dl (95% CI= 172.7, 190.6), respectively. HC was present in 40.5% of the adult females (95% CI=35.5, 45.4) and 44.6 of the adult males (95% CI=37.7, 51.4); HA was the most prevalent form of dyslipidemia, present in 64.7% (95% CI=58.7, 70.8) and 61.4% (95% CI=54.4, 68.3) of females and males, respectively. Obesity increased ~1.4 times the probability ratio (PR) of having HC among women and 1.9 among men. Conclusion. TC concentrations from our study in Mexico were similar to those found for Mexican-Americans and the prevalence of HC was slightly lower than the one reported in the US; however, it increased ~26% from 1988 to 2000. HA was the most frequent lipid abnormality followed by HT. Regions showed no significant differences, contrary to what has been previously reported.


REFERENCES

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  2. Drewnowski A, Popkin BM. The nutrition transition: new trends in the global diet. [Review] [57 refs]. Nutrition Reviews 1997;55(2):31-43.

  3. Programa Nacional de Salud 2001-2006. México, DF: Secretaría de Salud, 2001.

  4. Castelli W, Garrison R, Wilson P, Abbott R, LKalousdian S, Kannel W. Incidence of coronary heart disease and lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The Framingham Study. JAMA 1986;256(20):2835-2838.

  5. Gordon D, Knoke J, Probstfield J, Superko R, HA. T. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary heart disease in hypercholesterolemic men: the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. Circulation 1986;74(6):1217-1225.

  6. Escobedo J, Escamilla-Cejudo J, Santos-Burgoa C. Colesterol sérico y diabetes mellitus: principales factores de riesgo independientes en la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica en México. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 1994;64:189-195.

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  8. Tapia-Conyer R, Gutiérrez G, Sepúlveda J. Metodología de la Encuesta Nacional Seroepidemiológica, México. Salud Publica Mex 1992;34:124-135.

  9. Posadas-Romero C, Tapia-Conyer R, Lerman-Gaber I, et al. Cholesterol levels and prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in a Mexican adult population. Atherosclerosis 1995;118:275-284.

  10. Aguilar-Salinas CA, Olaiz G, Valles V, et al. High prevalence of low HDL cholesterol concentrations and mixed hyperlipidemia in a Mexican nationwide survey. J Lipid Res 2001;42:1298-1307.

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  13. Valles V, Aguilar-Salinas C, Gómez-Pérez FJ, et al. Apolipoprotein B and A-I distribution in the Mexican urban adults: results of a nationwide survey. Metabolism 2002;51(5):560-568.

  14. Olaiz G, Rojas R, Barquera S, et al. Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2000. Tomo 2. La salud de los adultos. Cuernavaca, Mor: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 2003.

  15. Barquera S, Carrión MC, Campos I, Espinosa J, Rivera JA, Olaiz G. Methodology of the fasting sub-sample from the Mexican Health Survey, 2000. Salud Publica Mex 2007;49:S420-S425.

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  17. Expert panel on detection evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. Executive summary of the third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). JAMA 2001;287:356-359.

  18. WHO. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1995.

  19. Barquera S, Tovar-Guzmán V, Campos-Nonato I, González-Villalpando C, Rivera-Dommarco J. Geography of diabetes mellitus mortality in Mexico: an epidemiologic transition analysis. Arch Med Res 2003;34(5):407-414.

  20. Hernandez-Diaz S, Peterson K, Dixit S, et al. Association of maternal short stature with stunting in Mexican children: common genes vs common environment. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:938-945.

  21. Zhang J, Yu KF. What’s the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes. JAMA 1998;280(19):1690-1691.

  22. Must A, Spadano J, Coakley EH, Field AE, Colditz G, Dietz WH. The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. Jama 1999;282(16):1523-1529.

  23. Chow S, Ruskey F. Drawing area-proportional Venn and Euler diagrams. Proc Graph Drawing 2004;2912:466-477.

  24. Carroll MD, Lacher DA, Sorlie PD, et al. Trends in serum lipids and lipoproteins of adults, 1960-2002. Jama 2005;294(14):1773-1781.

  25. Ford E, Mokdad A, Giles W, Mensah G. Serum total cholesterol concentrations and awareness, treatment, and control of hypercholesterolemia among US adults. Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2000. Circulation 2003;107:2185-2189.

  26. Rivera J, Barquera S, Gonzalez-Cossio T, Olaiz G, Sepulveda J. Nutrition transition in Mexico and other Latin American countries. Nutrition Reviews 2004;62(7):S1-S9.

  27. Cooper R, Cutler J, Desvigne-Nickens P, et al. Trends and disparities in coronary heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases in the United States: findings of the national conference on cardiovascular disease prevention. Circulation 2000;102(25):3137-3147.

  28. Cooper R, Stamler J, Dyer A, Garside D. The decline in mortality from coronary heart disease, USA, 1968-1975. J Chronic Dis 1978;31(12): 709-720.

  29. Florez H, Silva E, Fernández V, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia in White, Black, Amerindian and mixed Hispanics in Zulia state, Venezuela. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005;69:63-77.

  30. Smith S, Clark L, Cooper R, et al. Discovering the full spectrum of cardiovascular disease. Minority Health Summit 2003. Report of the obesity, metabolic syndrome and hypertension writing group. Circulation 2005;111:e134-e139.

  31. Barquera S, Hotz C, Rivera J, et al. Food consumption, food expenditure, anthropometric status and nutrition related diseases in Mexico. Nutrition and the double-burden of disease in developing

  32. countries. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 2006:161-257.

  33. Drewnowski A, Popkin BM. The nutrition transition: new trends in the global diet. Nutrition Reviews 1997;55(2):31-43.

  34. Epping-Jordan J, Pruitt S, Wagner E. Improving the quality of health care for chronic conditions. Qual Saf Health Care 2004;13:299-305.

  35. Rivera-Dommarco J, Barquera S, Campirano F, Campos-Nonato I, Safdie M, Tovar V. The Epidemiological and Nutritional Transition in Mexico: rapid increase of non-communicable chronic diseases and obesity. Public Health Nutrition 2002;14(44):113-122.

  36. Drewnowski A, Popkin BM. The nutrition transition: new trends in the global diet. [Review] [57 refs]. Nutrition Reviews 1997;55(2):31-43.

  37. Programa Nacional de Salud 2001-2006. México, DF: Secretaría de Salud, 2001.

  38. Castelli W, Garrison R, Wilson P, Abbott R, LKalousdian S, Kannel W. Incidence of coronary heart disease and lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The Framingham Study. JAMA 1986;256(20):2835-2838.

  39. Gordon D, Knoke J, Probstfield J, Superko R, HA. T. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary heart disease in hypercholesterolemic men: the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. Circulation 1986;74(6):1217-1225.

  40. Escobedo J, Escamilla-Cejudo J, Santos-Burgoa C. Colesterol sérico y diabetes mellitus: principales factores de riesgo independientes en la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica en México. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 1994;64:189-195.

  41. Sistema Nacional de Información en Salud. Principales causas de mortalidad general, 2003. México DF: Secretaría de Salud, 2005.

  42. Tapia-Conyer R, Gutiérrez G, Sepúlveda J. Metodología de la Encuesta Nacional Seroepidemiológica, México. Salud Publica Mex 1992;34:124-135.

  43. Posadas-Romero C, Tapia-Conyer R, Lerman-Gaber I, et al. Cholesterol levels and prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in a Mexican adult population. Atherosclerosis 1995;118:275-284.

  44. Aguilar-Salinas CA, Olaiz G, Valles V, et al. High prevalence of low HDL cholesterol concentrations and mixed hyperlipidemia in a Mexican nationwide survey. J Lipid Res 2001;42:1298-1307.

  45. Posadas-Romero C, Sepúlveda J, Tapia-Conyer R, Magos C, Cardoso-Saldaña G, Zamora-González J. Valores de colesterol sérico en la población mexicana. Salud Publica Mex 1992;34:157-167.

  46. Gonzalez C, Stern M, Valdez R, Brazton M, Haffner H. Niveles de lípidos sanguíneos y riesgo aterogénico en población abierta urbana. Rev Inv Clin 1993;45:127-132.

  47. Valles V, Aguilar-Salinas C, Gómez-Pérez FJ, et al. Apolipoprotein B and A-I distribution in the Mexican urban adults: results of a nationwide survey. Metabolism 2002;51(5):560-568.

  48. Olaiz G, Rojas R, Barquera S, et al. Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2000. Tomo 2. La salud de los adultos. Cuernavaca, Mor: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 2003.

  49. Barquera S, Carrión MC, Campos I, Espinosa J, Rivera JA, Olaiz G. Methodology of the fasting sub-sample from the Mexican Health Survey, 2000. Salud Publica Mex 2007;49:S420-S425.

  50. Ley de Información Estadística y Geográfica. Diario Oficial de la Federación, Estados Unidos Mexicanos. 1980.

  51. Expert panel on detection evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. Executive summary of the third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). JAMA 2001;287:356-359.

  52. WHO. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1995.

  53. Barquera S, Tovar-Guzmán V, Campos-Nonato I, González-Villalpando C, Rivera-Dommarco J. Geography of diabetes mellitus mortality in Mexico: an epidemiologic transition analysis. Arch Med Res 2003;34(5):407-414.

  54. Hernandez-Diaz S, Peterson K, Dixit S, et al. Association of maternal short stature with stunting in Mexican children: common genes vs common environment. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:938-945.

  55. Zhang J, Yu KF. What’s the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes. JAMA 1998;280(19):1690-1691.

  56. Must A, Spadano J, Coakley EH, Field AE, Colditz G, Dietz WH. The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. Jama 1999;282(16):1523-1529.

  57. Chow S, Ruskey F. Drawing area-proportional Venn and Euler diagrams. Proc Graph Drawing 2004;2912:466-477.

  58. Carroll MD, Lacher DA, Sorlie PD, et al. Trends in serum lipids and lipoproteins of adults, 1960-2002. Jama 2005;294(14):1773-1781.

  59. Ford E, Mokdad A, Giles W, Mensah G. Serum total cholesterol concentrations and awareness, treatment, and control of hypercholesterolemia among US adults. Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2000. Circulation 2003;107:2185-2189.

  60. Rivera J, Barquera S, Gonzalez-Cossio T, Olaiz G, Sepulveda J. Nutrition transition in Mexico and other Latin American countries. Nutrition Reviews 2004;62(7):S1-S9.

  61. Cooper R, Cutler J, Desvigne-Nickens P, et al. Trends and disparities in coronary heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases in the United States: findings of the national conference on cardiovascular disease prevention. Circulation 2000;102(25):3137-3147.

  62. Cooper R, Stamler J, Dyer A, Garside D. The decline in mortality from coronary heart disease, USA, 1968-1975. J Chronic Dis 1978;31(12): 709-720.

  63. Florez H, Silva E, Fernández V, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia in White, Black, Amerindian and mixed Hispanics in Zulia state, Venezuela. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005;69:63-77.

  64. Smith S, Clark L, Cooper R, et al. Discovering the full spectrum of cardiovascular disease. Minority Health Summit 2003. Report of the obesity, metabolic syndrome and hypertension writing group. Circulation 2005;111:e134-e139.

  65. Barquera S, Hotz C, Rivera J, et al. Food consumption, food expenditure, anthropometric status and nutrition related diseases in Mexico. Nutrition and the double-burden of disease in developing countries. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 2006:161-257.

  66. Drewnowski A, Popkin BM. The nutrition transition: new trends in the global diet. Nutrition Reviews 1997;55(2):31-43.

  67. Epping-Jordan J, Pruitt S, Wagner E. Improving the quality of health care for chronic conditions. Qual Saf Health Care 2004;13:299-305.




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