medigraphic.com
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública

2007, Number 3

<< Back Next >>

salud publica mex 2007; 49 (3)

Individual risk factors for Plasmodium vivax infection in the residual malaria transmission focus of Oaxaca, Mexico

Danis-Lozano R, Rodríguez MH, Betanzos-Reyes AF, Hernández-Avila JE, González-Cerón L, Méndez-Galván JF, Velázquez-Monroy OJ, Tapia-Conyer R

Language: English
References: 50
Page: 199-209
PDF size: 242.94 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Objective. To identify individual risk factors for malaria infection of inhabitants in the residual transmission focus on the Pacific coast of Oaxaca, Mexico. Materials and Methods. A population-based, matched case-control study was conducted from January 2002 to July 2003 comparing the frequency of exposure to individual risk factors in subjects presenting clinical malaria and uninfected controls. A malaria case was defined as an individual living in the study area presenting malaria symptoms and a Plasmodium vivax-positive thick blood smear; controls were individuals negative to P. vivax parasites and antibodies of the same gender and with ± five years as the case. A standardized questionnaire was used to record information about the individual risk factors associated with malaria episodes in cases and two controls for each case. Results. In a multiple conditional logistic regression model analysis of data from 119 cases and 238 controls, 18 out of 99 variables were significantly associated (p‹ 0.05) with increased risk of malaria, including: being born in another locality (RM 3.16, 95% IC 1.16-6.13); speaking only an autochthonous language (RM= 2.48, 95% IC 1.19-3.77); having poor knowledge about malaria (RM= 2.26 95% IC 1.10-4.66 P‹ 0.02); the amount of vegetation around the house (RM= 20.43, 95% IC 5.98-70.87, P‹ 0.000; RM= 3.78, 95% IC 1.21-11.80, for 60-100% and 30-59%, respectively); living in houses constructed with perishable materials (RM=2.85, 95% IC 1.62-5.01); living on the periphery of the town (RM= 6.23, 95% IC 3.50-11.0); sleeping on a dirt floor (RM= 2.98, 95% IC 1.78-5.01) or with two or more people in the same bed (RM= 1.85, 95% CI 1.09-3.14); not using bed nets (RM= 2.39, 95% IC 1.18-4.83, P‹ 0.003) or using bed nets with holes (RM= 13.93, 95 IC 2.48-78.01); traveling outside of the village (RM= 9.16, 95% IC 1.98-42.2); and previous malaria cases in the house (RM= 5.84, 95% IC 3.33-10.22). Conclusions. Risk of malaria infection was associated with socio-cultural and environmental factors exposing individuals to mosquito bites. A higher risk of malaria infection occurred outside the locality and by intradomiciliar transmission probably as a result of relapsing asymptomatic relatives.


REFERENCES

  1. Tellaeche AM. La evolución y la situación actual del paludismo en México. In: A cien años del descubrimiento de Ross. El paludismo en Mexico. Kumate J, Martínez-Palomo A, eds. Mexico City: El Colegio Nacional, 1998:209-226.

  2. Hernández-Avila JE, Rodríguez MH, Betanzos-Reyes A F, et al. Determinant factors for malaria transmission in the main hyper-endemic focus of Mexico. Salud Pub Mex 2006;48:405-417.

  3. Royall RM, Herson JH. Robust estimation in finite population. I. J Am Statist Assoc 1973;68:880-889.

  4. González-Cerón L, Rodríguez MH. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using detergent-soluble Plasmodium vivax antigen for seroepidemiological surveys. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1991; 85:358-361.

  5. Schlesselman JJ. Case-control studies. Design, conduct, analysis. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.

  6. Chanon KE, Méndez-Galván JF, Galindo-Jaramillo JM, Olguín-Bernal H, Borja-Aburto VH. Cooperative actions to achieve malaria control without the use of DDT. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2003;20:387-394.

  7. Rothman KJ, Greenland S. Modern epidemiology. 2nd. edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1998:93-114.

  8. Bronfman M, Tuirán R. La desigualdad ante la muerte: clases sociales ymortalidad. Cuad Med Soc 1984;30:53-75.

  9. Danis-Lozano R, Rodríguez MH, González-Cerón L, Hernández-Avila M. Risk factors for Plasmodium vivax infection in the Lacandon forest, southern Mexico. Epidemiol Infect 1999;122:461-469.

  10. Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Applied Logistic Regression. New York: Wiley,1989:1-23

  11. Bruzzi P, Green SB, Byar DP, Brinton LA, Schairer C. Estimating the population attributable risk of multiple risk factors using case-control data. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:904-914.

  12. Camargo LM, Ferreira MU, Krieger H, De Camargo EP, Da Silva LP. Unstable hypoendemic malaria in Rondonia (western Amazon region, Brazil): epidemic outbreaks and work-associated incidence in an agroindustrial rural settlement. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1994;51:16-25.

  13. Camargo LM, dal Colletto GM, Ferreira MU, et al. Hypoendemic malaria in Rondonia (Brazil, western Amazon region): seasonal variation and risk groups in an urban locality. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996;55:32-38.

  14. Lansang MA, Belizario VY, Bustos MD, Saul A, Aguirre A. Risk factors for infection with malaria in a low endemic community in Bataan, the Philippines. Acta Trop 1997;63:257-265.

  15. Peppiatt R, Byass P. Risk factors for malaria among British missionaries living in tropical countries. Trop Med Hyg 1990;93:397-402.

  16. Sevilla-Casas E. Human mobility and malaria risk in the Naya river basin of Colombia. Soc Sci Med 1993;37:1155-1167.

  17. Lines J, Armstrong JR. For a few parasites more: Inoculum size, vector control and strain-specific immunity to malaria. Parasitol Today 1992;8:381-383.

  18. Molineaux L. Plasmodium falciparum malaria: some epidemiological implications of parasite and host diversity. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1996;90:379-393.

  19. Moreno Valle R, Suárez Torres G. Report of Mexico on the malaria eradication campaign and on the present situation of epidemiological surveillance operations. Salud Pub Mex 1965;7:9-31.

  20. Diderichsen F, Whitehead M, Burström B, Åberg M, Östlin P. Studying policy context and health equity by class and gender: a conceptual framework. Global Health Equity Initiative, Internal Document 1998:29-39.

  21. Rodríguez AD, Penilla RP, Rodríguez MH, Hemingway J, Francisco Betanzos A, Hernández-Avila JE. Knowledge and beliefs about malaria transmission and practices for vector control in southern Mexico. Salud Pub Mex 2003;45:110-116.

  22. Hla-Shein, Than-Tun-Sein, Soe-Soe, Tin-Aung, Ne-Win, Khin-Saw-Aye. The level of knowledge, attitude and practice in relation to malaria in Oodo village, Myanmar. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Pub Health 1998; 29:546-549.

  23. Weber R, Schlagenhauf P, Amsler L, Steffen R. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of business travelers regarding malaria risk and prevention. J Travel Med 2003;10:219-224.

  24. Ruebush TK 2nd, Weller SC, Klein RE. Knowledge and beliefs about malaria on the Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992;46:451-459.

  25. Adongo PB, Kirkwood B, Kendall C. How local community knowledge about malaria affects insecticide-treated net use in northern Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 2005;10:366-378.

  26. Fernández-Salas I, Roberts DR, Rodríguez MH, Marina-Fernández CF. Bionomics of larval populations of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis in the Tapachula foothills area, southern Mexico. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1994;10:477-486.

  27. Van Der Hoek W, Konradsen F, Amerasinghe PH, Perera D, Piyaratne MK, Amerasinghe FP. Towards a risk map of malaria for Sri Lanka: the importance of house location relative to vector breeding sites. Int J Epidemiol 2003;32:280-285.

  28. Rodríguez AD, Rodríguez MH, Meza RA, et al. Dynamics of population densities and vegetation associations of Anopheles albimanus larvae in a coastal area of southern Chiapas, Mexico. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1993;9:46-58.

  29. Casas M, Rodríguez MH, Bown DN. Peri-intradomicillary behavior in relation to host-seeking of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis in southern Mexico. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1994;10:355-362.

  30. Fernández-Salas I, Rodríguez MH, Roberts DR, Rodríguez MC, Wirtz RA. Bionomics of adult Anopheles pseudopunctipennis (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Tapachula foothills area of southern Mexico. J Med Entomol 1994;31:663-670.

  31. Schofield CJ, White GB. House design and domestic vectors of disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1984;78:285-292.

  32. Gamage-Mendis AC, Carter R, Mendis C, De Zoysa AP, Herath PR, Mendis KN. Clustering of malaria infections within an endemic population: risk of malaria associated with the type of housing construction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1991;45:77-85.

  33. Konradsen F, Amerasinghe P, van der Hoek W, Amerasinghe F, Perera D, Piyaratne M. Strong association between house characteristics and malaria vectors in Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003;68:177-181.

  34. Torres-Estrada JL, Rodríguez MH. Physico-chemical signals involved in host localization and in the induction of mosquito bites. Salud Pub Mex 2003;45:497-505.

  35. Rozendaal JA, Voorham J, Van Hoof JP, Oostburg BF. Efficacy of mosquito nets treated with permethrin in Suriname. Med Vet Entomol 1989;3:353-365.

  36. Burkot TR, Garner P, Paru R, et al. Effects of untreated bed nets on the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and Wuchereria bancrofti in Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1990;84:773-779.

  37. D’Alessandro U, Olaleye BO, McGuire W, et al. A comparison of the efficacy of insecticide-treated and untreated bed nets in preventing malaria in Gambian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995;89:596-598.

  38. Lindblade KA, Eisele TP, Gimnig JE, et al. Sustainability of reductions in malaria transmission and infant mortality in western Kenya with use of insecticide-treated bednets: 4 to 6 years of follow-up. JAMA 2004;291:2571-2580.

  39. Bradley AK, Greenwood BM, Greenwood AM, et al. Bed-nets (mosquito-nets) and morbidity from malaria. Lancet 1986;26:204-207.

  40. Osorio L, Todd J, Bradley DJ. Travel histories as risk factors in the analysis of urban malaria in Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004;71:380-386.

  41. Somboon P, Aramrattana A, Lines J, Webber R. Entomological and epidemiological investigations of malaria transmission in relation to population movements in forest areas of north-west Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1998;29:3-9.

  42. Comm SA, Noorhidayah I, Osman A. Seasonal migration: a case control study of malaria prevention in Sabah. Med J Malaysia 1999;54:200-209.

  43. Garnham PC. Relapses and latency in malaria. Protozoology 1967; 2:55-64.

  44. Garnham PC. The liver in malaria with special reference to the exoerythrocytic phase. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1987; 81:531-537.

  45. Hankey DD, Jones R Jr, Coatney GR, et al. Korean vivax malaria. I. Natural history and response to chloroquine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1953;2:958-969.

  46. Feighner BH, Pak SI, Novakoski WL, Kelsey LL, Strickman D. Reemergence of Plasmodium vivax malaria in the republic of Korea. Emerg Infect Dis 1998;4:295-297.

  47. Chade DD, Le Maitre A, Tilluckdharry CC. An outbreak of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Trinidad, WI. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1992;86:583-590.

  48. Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades. Dirección Programa de Prevención y Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores. Departamento de Paludismo. 2003.

  49. Charlwood JD, Pinto J, Ferrara PR, et al. Raised houses reduce mosquito bites. Malar J 2003;2:45.

  50. Rhee M, Sissoko M, Perry S, McFarland W, Parsonnet J, Doumbo O. Use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) following a malaria education intervention in Piron, Mali: a control trial with systematic allocation of households. Malar J 2005;4:35.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com