Córdova ME, Trigo TFJ

Language: English/Spanish
References: 62
Page: 67-77
PDF size: 69.46 Kb.

ABSTRACT

Food hypersensitivity or food allergy is ranked as the third most common cause of allergic skin disease in dogs; it may occur concurrently with other types of allergies. It is an adverse reaction to food or a food additive with a proven immunologic basis. Throughout life, most dogs are exposed to a great variety of feed which contains many antigenic components that have the potential to incite an allergic response. Abnormalities in gastrointestinal defense mechanisms may predispose patients to food allergies. The pathogenesis of food hypersensitivity is still unclear but it may involve type I, II or III hypersensitivity responses. There is no age-, sex- or breed predisposition, although it is more common in young dogs and in some breeds. Food hypersensitivity is not associated with a history of a recent dietary change; in fact, most of the dogs have been eating the same diet for ›2 yr. Clinical signs include cutaneous-, gastrointestinal-, neurologic- and respiratory manifestations; however, dermatologic manifestations are the most common ones. Food hypersensitivity is manifested as non-seasonal pruritic dermatitis. A variety of primary and secondary skin lesions are seen due to self-infringed trauma. Ten to 15% of allergic companion animals develop gastrointestinal disease with skin disease as well. There have been many diagnostic tests for food allergy proposed, but a dietary elimination trial is the only reliable diagnostic method. During dietary elimination trials, patients are fed a controlled elimination diet (hypoallergenic diet); a diagnosis is made by observing a decrease in the pruritus and recurrence of clinical signs when the original diet is reintroduced. Differential diagnosis should include any other pruritic disease. Prognosis is favorable; and it is an easily controllable disease. Avoiding food or feed that incite the reaction is enough. This article includes food hypersensitivity ethiopathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatments. This disease has a low incidence but is frequently omitted as an important differential diagnosis in pruritic skin diseases; that is why it is necessary to understand its clinical manifestations, and the best way to diagnose- and treat it.

REFERENCES

1. Baker E. Food allergy. Clin Dermatol 1992;12:559-564.

2. Scott DW. Immunologic skin disorders in the dog and the cat. Vet Clin North Am 1978;8:641-664.

3. Rutgers HC. Food allergy and the canine gastrointestinal tract. Vet Annual 1992;32:75-82.

4. Marks DR, Marks LM. Food allergy: manifestations, evaluation and management. Postgraduate Med 1993;93:191-201.

5. Ditto AM, Grammer LC. Food allergy. In: Patterson R, Grammer LC, Greenberger PA, editors. Allergic diseases. Diagnosis and management. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997:285-300.

6. Metcalfe DD. Food hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1984;73:749-762.

7. August JR. Dietary hypersensitivity in dogs: cutaneous manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 1985;7:469-477.

8. Harvey RG. Food allergy and dietary intolerance in dogs: a report of 25 cases. J Small Anim Pract 1993;34:175-179.

9. Rosser EJ. Diagnosis of food allergy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993;203:259-262.

10. Carlotti DN, Remmy I, Prost C. Food allergy in dogs and cats. A review and report of 43 cases. Vet Dermatol 1990;1:55-62.

11. MacDonald, JM. Food allergy. In: Griffin CE, Kwochka KW, MacDonald JM, editors. Current veterinary dermatology. St. Louis (MO): Mosby, 1993:121-132.

12. Melman SA. Skin diseases of dogs and cats. Baltimore (MD): Derma Pet, 1994.

13. Nesbitt GH, Ackerman LJ. Allergic diseases. In: Ackerman LJ, editor. Dermatology for the small animal practitioner. Loveland (CO): Veterinary Learning Systems, 1991:71-88.

14. White SD. Food hypersensitivity in 30 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986;188:695-698.

15. Sousa CA. Diagnostics and allergies in dogs and cats. Vet Technician 1992;13:635-636.

16. Leib MS, August JR. Food hypersensitivity. In: Ettinger SJ, editor. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co., 1989:194-197.

17. Reedy LM, Miller WH. Allergic skin diseases of dogs and cats. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co., 1989.

18. Walton GS. Skin responses in the dog and cat due to ingested allergens: observations on one hundred confirmed cases. Vet Rec 1967;81:709-713.

19. Scott DW, Paradis M. A survey of canine and feline skin disorders seen in a university practice: Small Animal Clinic, University of Montreal. Can Vet J 1990;31:830-835.

20. Doering GG. Food allergy. Where does it fit as a cause of canine pruritus? Pet Vet 1991;3:10-11,16.

21. Scott DW, Miller WH, Griffin CE. Small animal dermatology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co., 1995.

22. Merchant SR, Taboada J. Food allergy and immunologic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Animal Practice) 1991;6:316-321.

23. Bock SA, May CD. Adverse reactions to food caused by sensitivity. In: Middletown E, Reed CE, Ellis E, editors. Allergy. Principles and practice. Vol 2. 2nd ed. St. Louis (MO): Mosby, 1983:1415-1427.

24. Guilford WG. Adverse reactions to food. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Williams DA, Meyer DJ, editors. Strombeck’s small animal gastroenterology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co., 1996:436-450.

25. Roudebush P. Diagnosis and management of adverse food reactions. In: Bonagura JD, Kirk RW, editors. Kirk´s current veterinary therapy XII. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co., 1995:59-64.

26. White SD. Hipersensibilidad alimentaria. En: Bonagura JD, Kirk RW, editores. Terapéutica veterinaria de pequeños animales. 11a ed. México (DF): Interamericana, 1994:566-568.

27. Wills J, Harvey R. Diagnosis and management of food allergy and intolerance in dogs and cats. Austr Vet J 1994;71:322-326.

28. Brown CM, Armstrong PJ, Globus H. Nutritional management of food allergy in dogs and cats. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 1995;17:637-658.

29. Paterson S. Food hypersensitivity in 20 dogs with skin and gastrointestinal signs. J Small Anim Pract 1995;36:529-534.

30. Bindslev JC, Skov PS, Madsen F, Puolsen LK. Food allergy and food intolerance what is the difference? Annals Allergy 1994;72:317-320.

31. Moriello KA, Mason IS. Handbook of small animal dermatology. New York: Pergamon, 1995.

32. Hall EJ. Gastrointestinal aspects of food allergy: a review. J Small Anim Pract 1994;35:145-152.

33. Wills J. Dietary hypersensitivity in cats. In Practice 1991;5:87-93.

34. Roudebush P, Cowell CS. Results of a hypoallergenic diet survey of veterinarians in North America with a nutritional evaluation of homemade diet prescriptions. Vet Dermatol 1992;3:23-28.

35. Jeffers JG, Shanley KJ, Meyer EK. Diagnostic testing of dogs for food hypersensitivity. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991;198:245-250.

36. Hodgkins E. Food allergy in cats. Pet Vet 1991;3:24- 28.

37. Jeffers JG. Results of dietary provocation in dogs with food hypersensitivity. Vet Dermatol 1994; 5:132-133.

38. Grant DI. Skin diseases in the dog and cat. 2nd ed. St. Louis (MO): Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991.

39. Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ. Veterinary dermatopathology. St. Louis (MO): Mosby, 1992.

40. Ackerman L. Food hypersensitivity: a rare, but manageable disorder. Vet Med 1988;83:1144-1148.

41. Thompson JP. Basic immunologic principles of allergic diseases. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Animal Practice) 1991;6:247-255.

42. Tizard I. Inmunología veterinaria. 3a ed. México (DF): Interamericana, 1989.

43. Sampson HA. IgE mediated food intolerance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988;81:495-504.

44. Patrick MK, Gall DG. Protein intolerance and immunocyte and enterocyte interaction. Pediatr Clin North Am 1988;35:17-34.

45. Manning T, Gram D. Food hypersensitivity. Vet Technician 1991;12:477-479.

46. Baker KP, Thomsett LR. Canine and feline dermatology. Chicago (IL): Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990.

47. Baker E. Small animal allergy: A practical guide. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990.

48. Rosser EJ. Food allergy in the dog: a prospective study of 51 dogs. Proceedings of the Annual Members Meeting of the American Association of Veterinary Dermatologists & American College of Veterinary Dermatologists, 1990 Agosto 15-20; Houston (TX). Houston (TX): 1990;120-121.

49. Codner EC, Thatcher CD. The role of nutrition in the management of dermatoses. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Animal Practice) 1990;5:167-177.

50. White S. Food hypersensitivity in dogs. Vet Allergists 1985;1:21.

51. White SD. Food hypersensitivity. Vet Clin North Am 1988;18:1043-1048.

52. Hungerford TG. Dermatology. Sidney, Australia: Postgraduate Commitee in Veterinary Science, University of Sidney, 1990.

53. Miller WH. Nutritional considerations in small animal dermatology. Vet Clin North Am 1989;19:497-511.

54. Medleau L. Managing cases of chronic pruritus that have not responded to steroids. Vet Med 1990;85:242-258.

55. Guilford WG, Badcoe LM. The development of a model of food allergy in the dog. J Vet Internal Med 1992;6:128.

56. Chandra RK, Gill B, Kumari S. Food allergy and atopic disease: pathogenesis, diagnosis, prediction of high risk and prevention. Ann Allergy 1993;71:495-501.

57. Case LP, Carey DP, Hirakawa DA. Canine and feline nutrition. St. Louis (MO): Mosby,1995.

58. Petersen GV. Proceedings of a course in small animal dermatology. Palmerston North (NZ): Veterinary Continuing Education Massey University, 1987.

59. Ackerman L. Guide to skin and haircoat problems in dogs. Loveland (CO): Alpine Publications, 1994.

60. Lewis LD, Morris ML, Hand MS. Small animal clinical nutrition. Topeka (KA): Mark Morris Institute, 1994.

61. Kunkle G, Horner S. Validity of skin testing for diagnosis of food allergy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992;200:677-680.

62. Vaughn DM, Reinhart GA, Swaim SF. Evaluation of dietary W-6 to W-3 fatty acid ratios on leukotriene B synthesis in dog skin and neutrophils. J Vet Intern Med 1994;8:155.