medigraphic.com
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública

2006, Number S1

<< Back Next >>

salud publica mex 2006; 48 (S1)

Expansion of the tobacco industry and smuggling: challenges for public health in developing countries

Armendares PE, Reynales SLM

Language: Spanish
References: 36
Page: 183-189
PDF size: 88.56 Kb.


ABSTRACT

The international tobacco industry, in its constant quest for new markets, has expanded aggressively to middle- and low-income nations. At the same time there has been a marked increase in tobacco smuggling, especially of cigarettes. Smuggling produces serious fiscal losses to governments the world over, erodes tobacco control policies and is an incentive to international organized crime. In addition, smuggling results in increased demand for and consumption of tobacco, which in turn benefits the tobacco companies. Moreover, there is evidence indicating that the international tobacco industry has instigated cigarette smuggling and has participated directly in these activities, while at the same time carrying out costly lobbying campaigns to pressure governments againt tax increases and to promote their own interests. Academic studies and empirical evidence show that tobacco control can be promoted through high tax rates without causing significant increases in smuggling. To achieve this tobacco smuggling must be attacked through the use of strategies including multilateral controls and actions such as those included in the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which establishes the basis for combating smuggling through an international, global approach. It is also necessary to increase the penalties for smuggling and to make the tobacco industry, including producers and distributors, responsible for the final destination of their exports.


REFERENCES

  1. Taylor AL, Bettcher DW. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: a global "good" for public health. Bull World Health Organ 2000;78:920-929.

  2. Taylor AL, Bettcher DW. Sustainable health development: Negotiation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. WHO Tobacco Free Initiative, Development Bulletin 2001;54:7

  3. Merriman D. Understand, Measure and Combat Tobacco Smuggling. Washington: World Bank Economics of Tobacco Toolkit, 7. Información disponible http://www1.worldbank.org/tobacco/toolkit.asp

  4. Illegal pathways to illegal profits: the big cigarette companies and international smuggling. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, 2003.

  5. Tobacco industry smuggling. Submission to the House of Commons. Health Select Committee. Action on Smoking and Health (ASH), 2000. Información disponible http://nosmoking.ws/importantdocuments/importantdocs.html

  6. Joossens L. Key issues on cigarette smuggling. Ponencia presentada en el 12th World Conference on Tobacco or Health: Global Action for a Tobacco Free Future August 3-8, 2003 in Helsinki, Finland Información disponible en www.tobaccoevidence.net/activities_conferences.html

  7. Merriman D, Yurekli A, Chaloupka FJ. How big is the worldwide cigarette smuggling problem? En: Tobacco control in developing countries. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000:242- 392.

  8. Joossens L. From public health to international law: possible protocols for inclusion in the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Bull World Health Organ 2000;78:930-937.

  9. Joossens L, Raw M. Turning off the tap. An update on cigarette smuggling in the UK and Sweden with recommendations to control smuggling. A report for the Cancer Research Campaign and Folkhalsoinstitutet. London and Stockholm, Cancer Research Campaign and Folkhalsoinstitutet, 2002 Información disponible: http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/publicpolicy/briefings/prevention/tobaccocontrol/smuggling/

  10. Joossens L, Chaloupka FJ, Merriman D, Yurekli A. Issues in the Smuggling of Tobacco Products. En: Tobacco control in developing countries. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000: 394-406.

  11. Tobacco companies linked to criminal organizations in lucrative cigarette smoking. Washington: International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ), 2001.

  12. Canadian Cancer Society, Non-Smokers’ Rights Association and Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada, Quebec Coalition for Tobacco Control (1999). Surveying the Damage: Cut-rate Tobacco Products and Public Health in the 1990s. Ottawa: Canadian Cancer Society, 1999

  13. Nathan R. Model Legislation for Tobacco Control: A Policy Development and Legislative Drafting Manual. France: International Union for Health Promotion and Education, 2004. Información disponible en: http://fctc.org/modelguide/index01.html

  14. Joossens L. Impact of smuggling and cross border shopping on world wide consumption. Washington DC: Population Health and Nutrition Department, The World Bank, 1999.

  15. World Bank. Curbing the epidemic: Governments and Economics of Tobacco Control. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1999.

  16. Philip Morris International. Confronting cigarette contraband. Philip Morris International Document, 2003. Disponible en: http://philipmorrisinternational.com./global/downloads/obe/confronting_contraband.pdf

  17. Japan Tobacco International. Cigarette contraband: a JTI perspective. Información disponible en: http://www.jti.com/english/corp_responsibility/our_positions/position_anti_contraband.aspx

  18. Rowell A, Bates C. Tobacco smuggling in the UK: Action on Smoking and Health (ASH), 2000.

  19. Joossens L, Raw M. Cigarette smuggling in Europe: who really benefits? Tob Control 1998;7:66-71.

  20. Campbell D. Lost in transit. Washington, DC: International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ), 2004. Disponible en: www.newint.org/issue369/lost.htm.

  21. Chaloupka FJ, Hu T, Warner KE, Jacobs R, Yurekli A. The taxation of tobacco products En: Tobacco control in developing countries. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000:238- 272.

  22. International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). Special report: Criminal organizations and cigarette smuggling. Tobacco and development: critical issues for the 21st century. Development Bulletin 2001;54:33. Disponible en: http://www.publicintegrity.org/report.aspx?aid=351

  23. Collin J, LeGresley E, MacKenzie R, Lawrence S, Lee K. Complicity in contraband: British American Tobacco and cigarette smuggling in Asia. Tob Control 2004;13 Suppl 2:ii104-111.

  24. Beelman MS. More on the Colombian smuggling lawsuit. Washington: International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ), The Center for Public Integrity, 2000.

  25. The Economist, The price is not quite right, Julio 5 2001

  26. Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). La rentabilidad a costa de la gente: actividades de la industria tabacalera para comercializar cigarrillos en América Latina y el Caribe y minar la salud pública. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2002. Información disponible en: http://www.paho.org/Spanish/HPP/HPM/TOH/profits_over_people.htm

  27. Golden leaf. Barren Harvest: The cost of tobacco farming Case studies: Mexico, Campaign for tobacco free kids, 2001. Información disponible en: http://tobaccofreekids.org/campaign/global/FCTCreport1.pdf

  28. Meneses-González F, Márquez-Serrano M, Sepúlveda-Amor J, Hernández-Ávila M. La industria tabacalera en México. Salud Publica Mex 2002;44 suppl 1:S161-S169.

  29. Koop CE. Remarks concerning the Mccain-Hollings Bill (s.1415), presented at the request of the Democratic Caucus of the Senate. 1998

  30. Basler TA. Cigarettes, smuggling, and terror: the European community vs. RJ Reynolds. Chicago-Kent Journal of International and Comparative Law, 2001 Información disponible en: http://www.kentlaw.edu/jicl/articles/spring2004/CigSmugArticleII.pdf

  31. Mr. Bush and tobacco. Washington Post, 2002 Noviembre 25; página A:14.

  32. AFP. EU drops Philip Morris case in exchange for 1.25 billion dollar fine. Bruselas, 2004 Julio 8.

  33. Light T. Tobacco smuggling: both a health and a law enforcement problem. Abstract #25890. Washington: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, US Department of the Treasury, 2001.

  34. Boucher P. Rendez-vous with Luk Joossens, 2002 febrero 19. Información disponible en: http://www.tobacco.org/resources/rendezvous/joossens.html

  35. World Health Organization. Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco (CMCT), World Health Organization (WHO). Disponible en: www.paho.org/Spanish/DD/PUB/sa56r1.pdf.

  36. Adams P. Getting it right in the fight against fakes. Global Congress on Combating Counterfeiting. Bruselas: World Customs Organization (WCO), 2004. Información disponible en: http://www.wcoomd.org/ie/en/en.html




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com