medigraphic.com

2007, Number 4

<< Back Next >>

Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2007; 45 (4)

Associated Factors for Women’s Non-Compliance for Cervical Cancer Screening

Hernández-Hernández DM, Linaldi-Yépez F, Apresa-García T, Escudero-de los Ríos P, Alvarado-Cabrero I, Ornelas-Bernal LA, Mohar-Betancourt A

Language: Spanish
References: 34
Page: 313-320
PDF size: 120.03 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Objective: to identify the associated factors for non compliance among women for the cervical cancer screening program.
Methods: a case-control study was carried out in which cases were women who were just diagnosed with cervical cancer (confirmed with pathological study); controls were women not having cervical cancer (negative pathological study). Cases and controls had the same age, lived in the same geographical area and were selected from the primary care facilities. Lack of compliance for cervical cancer screening was defined as the time since the last cytology (no previous Pap test or ≥ 3 years since last Pap test). A logistic regression analysis served to identify the associated factors to the lack of compliance.
Results: there were 279 cases and 392 controls included in the study. The rate of non-compliance among cases was 76.7 % and among controls was 29.6 %. Among cases 45.5 % have never underwent Pap test compared with 9.9 % of controls. Main risk factors for non-compliance to attend to cervical cancer screening were age › 65 years (aOR = 2.9, 95 % CI 1.6-5-3); illiteracy (aOR = 3.8, 95 % CI 1.7-6); use of public transportation to attend to the preventive service (aOR = 2.3, 95 % CI 1.2-6.4); more than five pregnancies (aOR = 3.0, 95 % CI 1.6-5.3) and lack of knowledge about cervical cancer (aOR = 4.2, 95 % CI 3.6-7.2).
Conclusion: the rate of noncompliance close to 30 % was high; social and cultural risk factors were the most relevant.


REFERENCES

  1. 1. Parkin DM, Bray F, Pisani P, Ferlay J. GLOBOCAN 2002. Cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide. IARC. Cancer Base No. 5, Version 2.0 Lyon: IARC Press; 2004.

  2. 2. Arrossi S, Sankaranarayanan R, Parkin DM. Incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in Latin America. Salud Publica Mex 2003;45:S306-S314.

  3. 3. Saslow D, Runowicz CD, Solomon D, Moscicki AB, Smith RA, Eyre HJ, Cohen C. American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of cervical neoplasia and cancer. J Lower Genital Tract Dis 2003;7:67-86.

  4. 4. Holowaty P, Miller AB, Rohan T, To T. Natural history of dysplasia of the uterine cervix. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:252-258.

  5. 5. Melnikow J, Nuovo J, Willan RA, Chan KSB, Howell PL. Natural history of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol J 1998;92:727-735.

  6. 6. Buckley CH, Butler EB, Fox H. Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia. J Clin Pathol 1982;35:1-13.

  7. 7. National Cancer Institute Workshop. The 1988 Bethesda system for reporting cervical/vaginal cytological diagnoses. JAMA 1989;262:931-934.

  8. 8. Bollman M, Bankfalvi A, Trosic A, Speich N, Schmitt C, Bollman R. Can we detect cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection by cytomorphology alone? Diagnostic value of non-classic cytological signs of HPV effect in minimally abnormal Pap tests. Cytopathology 2005;16:13-21.

  9. 9. Walboomers JMM, Jacobs MV, Manos M, Bosch X, Kummer A, Shah KV, Snijders PJL, Peto J, Meijer CJL, Muños N. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol 1999;189:12-19.

  10. Kiviat N. Natural history of cervical neoplasia: overview and update. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1099-1104.

  11. Kurman RJ, Henson DE, Herbst DL, Noller KL, Shiffman MH. Interim guidelines for mana-gement of abnormal cervical cytology. The 1992 National Cancer Institute Workshop. JAMA 1994;271: 1866-1869.

  12. Flannelly G, Anderson D, Kitchener HC. Management of women with mild and moderate dyskaryosis. Br Med J 1994;308:1399-1403.

  13. Ferenczy A. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. En: Blauustein A, editor. Pathology of female genital tract. Heidelberg, Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1977. p. 156-177.

  14. Wright TCJr, Cox JT, Massad LS, Twiggs LB, Wilkinson EJ. 2001 Consensus guidelines for the management of women with cervical cytological abnormalities. JAMA 2002;287: 2120-2129.

  15. Waxman, Alan G MD, MPH Guidelines for cervical cancer screening: history and scientific rationale. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2005;48:77-97.

  16. Denny L. The prevention of cervical cancer in developing countries. BJOG 2005;112:1204-1212.

  17. Sawaya GF, Grimes DA. New technologies in cervical cytology screening: a word of caution. Obstet Gynecol 1999;94:307-310.

  18. Caléis P, González C, González M, Page H, Bello RE, Temmerman M. Determinants of cervical cancer screening in a poor area: results of a population-based survey in Rivas, Nicaragua. Trop Med Int Health 2002;7:935-941.

  19. Mauad EC, Gomes UA, Nogueira JL, Melani AGF, Lemos DL, Hidalgo GS. Prevention of cervical cancer in a poor population in Brazil. Family Pract 2002;19:189-192.

  20. Programas Integrados de Salud. Instituto Mexi-cano del Seguro Social. Rev Enferm IMSS 2005; 13(1):41-56.

  21. Kiger H. Outreach to multiethnic, multicultural, and multilingual women for breast cancer and cervical cancer education and screening: a model using professional and volunteer staffing. Fam Commun Health 2003;26:307-318.

  22. Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Von Eschenbach AC. American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of cervical neoplasia and cancer. Cancer J Clin 2002;52:8-22.

  23. Ávila HM, Lazcano PEC, Alonso-de-Ruiz P, Romieu I. Evaluation of the cervical cancer screening programme in Mexico: a population-based case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 1998;27:370-376.

  24. Fylan F. Screening for cervical cancer. A review of women’s attitudes, knowledge and behavior. Br J Gen Pract 1998;48:1509-1514.

  25. McFarland DM. Cervical cancer and Pap smear screening in Botswana: knowledge and perceptions. Int Nurs Rev 2003;50:167-175.

  26. Hernández HDM, García ER, Ornelas BL, Hernández AF, González LG, Martínez GMC. Factors associated with non-use of Pap test. A population survey. Arch Med Res 1998;29:263-270.

  27. Orians CE, Erb J, Kenyon KL, Lantz PM, Liebow EB, Joe JR, Burhansstipanov L. Public education strategies for delivering breast and cervical cancer screening in American Indian and Alaska native populations. J Public Health Manage Pract 2004; 10:46-53.

  28. Albarracin D, McNatt PS, Klein CTF, Ho RM, Mitchell AL, Tarcan KG. Persuasive communi-cations to change actions: an analysis of behavioral and cognitive impact in HIV prevention. Health Psychol 2003;22:166-177.

  29. Bell CC. Reviewer directing health messages towards African Americans: attitudes toward health care and the mass media. JAMA 1998;280:196.

  30. Watkins MM, Gabali C, Winkleby M, Gaona E, LeBaron S. Barriers to cervical cancer screening in rural Mexico. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2002;12:475-479.

  31. Leyden WA, Manos MM, Geiger AM, Weinmann S, Mouchawar J, Bischoff K, et al. Cervical cancer in women with comprehensive health care access: attributable factors in the screening process. J Natl Cancer 2005;97:675-683.

  32. Hernández-Alemán RF, Ornelas-Bernal L, Apresa-García T, Martínez-García MC, Martínez-Ocampo L, Hernández-Hernández DM. Motivos de abandono en el proceso de atención médica de lesiones precursoras de cáncer cervicouterino. Rev Invest Clin 2006, 58; en prensa.

  33. Bazargan M, Bazargan SH, Farooq M, Baker RS. Correlates of cervical cancer screening among underserved Hispanic and African-American women. Prev Med 2004;39:465-473.

  34. Breitkopf CR, Pearson HC, Breitkopf DM. Poor Knowledge regarding the Pap test among low-income women undergoing routine screening. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2005;37:78-84.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com