medigraphic.com
Órgano Oficial de la Asociación Mexicana de Hepatología

2004, Number 4

<< Back Next >>

Ann Hepatol 2004; 3 (4)

Microarrays, antiobesity and the liver

Castro-Chávez F

Language: English
References: 115
Page: 137-145
PDF size: 234.63 Kb.


Text Extraction

In this review, the microarray technology and especially oligonucleotide arrays are exemplified with a practical example taken from the perilipin-/- mice and using the dChip software, available for non-lucrative purposes. It was found that the liver of perilipin-/- mice was healthy and normal, even under high-fat diet when compared with the results published for the scd1-/- mice, which under high-fat diets had a darker liver, suggestive of hepatic steatosis. Scd1 is required for the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids and plays a key role in the hepatic synthesis of triglycerides and of very-low-density lipoproteins. Both models of obesity resistance share many similar phenotypic antiobesity features, however, the perilipin-/- mice had a significant downregulation of stearoyl CoA desaturases scd1 and scd2 in its white adipose tissue, but a normal level of both genes inside the liver, even under high-fat diet. Here, different microarray methodologies are discussed, and also some of the most recent discoveries and perspectives regarding the use of microarrays, with an emphasis on obesity gene expression, and a personal remark on my findings of increased expression for hemoglobin transcripts and other hemo related genes (hemo-like), and for leukocyte like (leuko-like) genes inside the white adipose tissue of the perilipin-/- mice. In conclusion, microarrays have much to offer in comparative studies such as those in antiobesity, and also they are methodologies adequate for new astounding molecular discoveries [free full text of this article Online].


REFERENCES

  1. Southern EM, Maskos U, Elder JK. Analyzing and comparing nucleic acid sequences by hybridization to arrays of oligonucleotides: evaluation using experimental models. Genomics 1992; 13: 1008-17.

  2. Velculescu VE, Zhang L, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Serial analysis of gene expression. Science 1995; 270: 484-7.

  3. Brenner S, Johnson M, Bridgham J, Golda G, Lloyd DH, Johnson D, Luo S, et al. Gene expression analysis by massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) on microbead arrays. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18: 630-4.

  4. DeFrancesco L. Probing Protein Interactions. The Scientist 2002; 16: 28.

  5. Velculescu VE, Madden SL, Zhang L, Lash AE, Yu J, Rago C, Lal A, et al. Analysis of human transcriptomes. Nat Genet 1999; 23: 387-8.

  6. Bubendorf L, Nocito A, Moch H, Sauter G. Tissue microarray (TMA) technology: miniaturized pathology archives for high-throughput in situ studies. J Pathol 2001; 195: 72-9.

  7. Rimm DL, Camp RL, Charette LA, Costa J, Olsen DA, Reiss M. Tissue microarray: a new technology for amplification of tissue resources. Cancer J 2001; 7: 24-31.

  8. Templin MF, Stoll D, Schrenk M, Traub PC, Vohringer CF, Joos TO. Protein microarray technology. Trends Biotechnol 2002; 20: 160-6.

  9. Albala JS. Array-based proteomics: the latest chip challenge. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2001; 1: 145-52.

  10. Tannapfel A, Anhalt K, Hausermann P, Sommerer F, Benicke M, Uhlmann D, Witzigmann H, et al. Identification of novel proteins associated with hepatocellular carcinomas using protein microarrays. J Pathol 2003; 201: 238-49.

  11. Schena M, Shalon D, Davis RW, Brown PO. Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarray. Science 1995; 270: 467-70.

  12. Delpuech O, Trabut JB, Carnot F, Feuillard J, Brechot C, Kremsdorf D. Identification, using cDNA macroarray analysis, of distinct gene expression profiles associated with pathological and virological features of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 2002; 21: 2926-37.

  13. Straub TM, Daly DS, Wunshel S, Rochelle PA, DeLeon R, Chandler DP. Genotyping Cryptosporidium parvum with an hsp70 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Microarray. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68: 1817-26.

  14. Grunstein M, Hogness DS. Colony hybridization: a method for the isolation of cloned DNAs that contain a specific gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1975; 72: 3961-5.

  15. Kafatos FC, Jones CW, Efstratiadis A. Determination of nucleic acid sequence homologies and relative concentrations by a dot hybridization procedure. Nucleic Acids Res 1979; 7: 1541-52.

  16. Syvanen AC, Aalto-Setala K, Harju L, Kontula K, Soderlund H. A primer-guided nucleotide incorporation assay in the genotyping of apolipoprotein E. Genomics 1990; 8: 684-92.

  17. Strezoska, Z. Paunesku, T. Radosavljevic, D. Labat, I. Drmanac, R. Crkvenjakov, R. DNA sequencing by hybridization: 100 bases read by a non-gel-based method Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 10089-93.

  18. Okamoto T, Suzuki T, Yamamoto N. Microarray fabrication with covalent attachment of DNA using bubble jet technology. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18: 438-41.

  19. Wildsmith SE, Archer GE, Winkley AJ, Lane PW, Bugelski PJ. Maximization of Signal Derived from cDNA Microarrays. BioTechniques 2001; 30: 202-208.

  20. Shalon D, Smith SJ, Brown PO. A DNA microarray system for analyzing complex DNA samples using two-color fluorescent probe hybridization. Genome Res 1996; 6: 639-45.

  21. Pollack JR, Brown PO, Botstein D, van de Rijn M. Molecular characterization of soft tissue tumors: a gene expression study. Lancet 2002; 359: 1301-7.

  22. DeRisi J, van den Hazel B, Marc P, Balzi E, Brown P, Jacq C, Goffeau A. Genome microarray analysis of transcriptional activation in multidrug resistance yeast mutants. FEBS Lett 2000; 470: 156-60.

  23. Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 1990; 215: 403-10.

  24. Muller A, MacCallum RM, Sternberg MJ. Benchmarking PSI-BLAST in genome annotation. J Mol Biol 1999; 293: 1257-71. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast

  25. Quackenbush J. Computational analysis of microarray data. Nat Rev Genet 2001; 2: 418-27.

  26. Tseng GC, Oh MK, Rohlin L, Liao JC, Wong WH. Issues in cDNA microarray analysis: quality filtering, channel normalization, models of variations and assessment of gene effects. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29: 2549-57.

  27. Hess KR, Zhang W, Baggerly KA, Stivers DN, Coombes KR, Zhang W. Microarrays: handling the deluge of data and extracting reliable information. Trends Biotechnol 2001; 19: 463-8.

  28. King HC, Sinha AA. Gene expression profile analysis by DNA microarrays: promise and pitfalls. JAMA 2001; 286: 2280-8.

  29. Fodor SP, Read JL, Pirrung MC, Stryer L, Lu AT, Solas D. Light-directed, spatially addressable parallel chemical synthesis. Science 1991; 251: 767-73.

  30. Wodicka L, Dong H, Mittmann M, Ho MH, Lockhart DJ. Genome-wide expression monitoring in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nat Biotechnol 1997; 15: 1359-67.

  31. Gunderson KL, Huang XC, Morris MS, Lipshutz RJ, Lockhart DJ, Chee MS. Mutation detection by ligation to complete n-mer DNA arrays. Genome Res 1998; 8: 1142-53.

  32. Mei R, Galipeau PC, Prass C, Berno A, Ghandour G, Patil N, Wolff RK, et al. Genome-wide detection of allelic imbalance using human SNPs and high-density DNA arrays. Genome Res 2000; 10: 1126-37.

  33. Kapranov P, Cawley SE, Drenkow J, Bekiranov S, Strausberg RL, Fodor SP, Gingeras TR. Large-scale transcriptional activity in chromosomes 21 and 22. Science 2002; 296: 916-9.

  34. Lu SC, Alvarez L, Huang ZZ, Chen L, An W, Corrales FJ, Avila MA, Kanel G, Mato JM. Methionine adenosyltransferase 1A knockout mice are predisposed to liver injury and exhibit increased expression of genes involved in proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 5560-5.

  35. Castro-Chavez F, Yechoor VK, Saha P, Martinez-Botas J, Wooten E, Sharma S, O’Connell P, et al. Coordinated upregulation of oxidative pathways and downregulation of lipid biosynthesis underile obesity resistance in Perilipin knockout mice. A microarray gene expression profile. Diabetes 2003; 52: 2666-2674. http://diabetes. diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/52/11/2666

  36. Edman CF, Raymond DE, Wu DJ, Tu E, Sosnowski RG, Butler WF, Nerenberg M, et al. Electric field directed nucleic acid hybridization on microchips. Nucleic Acids Res 1997; 25: 4907-14.

  37. Gilles PN, Wu DJ, Foster CB, Dillon PJ, Chanock SJ. Single nucleotide polymorphic discrimination by an electronic dot blot assay on semiconductor microchips. Nat Biotechnol 1999; 17: 365-70.

  38. Westin L, Xu X, Miller C, Wang L, Edman CF, Nerenberg M. Anchored multiplex amplification on a microelectronic chip array. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18: 199-204.

  39. Westin L, Miller C, Vollmer D, Canter D, Radtkey R, Nerenberg M, O’Connell JP. Antimicrobial resistance and bacterial identification utilizing a microelectronic chip array. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 1097-104.

  40. Higuchi R, Fockler C, Dollinger G, Watson R. Kinetic PCR analysis: real-time monitoring of DNA amplification reactions. Biotechnology 1993; 11: 1026-30.

  41. Gibson UE, Heid CA, Williams PM. A novel method for real time quantitative RT-PCR. Genome Res 1996; 6: 995-1001.

  42. Heid CA, Stevens J, Livak KJ, Williams PM. Real time quantitative PCR. Genome Res 1996; 6: 986-94.

  43. Van Der Velden VH, Willemse MJ, Van Der Schoot CE, Hahlen K, Van Wering ER, Van Dongen JJ. Immunoglobulin kappa deleting element rearrangements in precursor-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia are stable targets for detection of minimal residual disease by real-time quantitative PCR. Leukemia 2002; 16: 928-36.

  44. Sive HL, St John T. A simple subtractive hybridization technique employing photoactivatable biotin and phenol extraction. Nucleic Acids Res 1988; 16: 10937.

  45. Duguid JR, Rohwer RG, Seed B. Isolation of cDNAs of scrapie-modulated RNAs by subtractive hybridization of a cDNA library. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85: 5738-42.

  46. Kuze K, Shimizu A, Honjo T. A new vector and RNase H method for the subtractive hybridization. Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17: 807.

  47. Smoot LM, Franke DD, McGillivary G, Actis LA. Genomic analysis of the F3031 Brazilian purpuric fever clone of Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius by PCR-based subtractive hybridization. Infect Immun 2002; 70: 2694-9.

  48. Liang P, Pardee AB. Differential display of eukaryotic messenger RNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction. Science 1992; 257: 967-71.

  49. Plisov SY, Ivanov SV, Yoshino K, Dove LF, Plisova TM, Higinbotham KG, Karavanova I, et al. Mesenchymal-epithelial transition in the developing metanephric kidney: gene expression study by differential display. Genesis 2000; 27: 22-31.

  50. Edamatsu H, Kaziro Y, Itoh H. Differential display of mRNAs regulated by G-protein signaling. Methods Enzymol 2002; 345: 521-9.

  51. Velculescu VE, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Analysing uncharted transcriptomes with SAGE. Trends Genet 2000; 16: 423-5.

  52. Saha S, Sparks AB, Rago C, Akmaev V, Wang CJ, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, et al. Using the transcriptome to annotate the genome. Nat Biotechnol 2002; 20: 508-12.

  53. Hsiao LL, Dangond F, Yoshida T, Hong R, Jensen RV, Misra J, Dillon W, et al. A compendium of gene expression in normal human tissues. Physiol Genomics 2001; 7: 97-104.

  54. Butte AJ, Dzau VJ, Glueck SB. Further defining housekeeping, or “maintenance,” genes Focus on “A compendium of gene expression in normal human tissues”. Physiol Genomics 2001; 7: 95-6.

  55. Gabrielsson BL, Carlsson B, Carlsson LM. Partial genome scale analysis of gene expression in human adipose tissue using DNA array. Obes Res 2000; 8: 374-84.

  56. Deaciuc IV, Doherty DE, Burikhanov R, Lee EY, Stromberg AJ, Peng X, de Villiers WJ. Large-scale gene profiling of the liver in a mouse model of chronic, intragastric ethanol infusion. J Hepatol 2004; 40: 219-27.

  57. Cohen P, Miyazaki M, Socci ND, Hagge-Greenberg A, Liedtke W, Soukas AA, Sharma R, et al. Role for stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 in leptin mediated weight loss. Science 2002; 297: 240-243.

  58. Nadler ST, Stoehr JP, Schueler KL, Tanimoto G, Yandell BS, Attie AD. The expression of adipogenic genes is decreased in obesity and diabetes mellitus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 11371-6.

  59. Heinemann FS, Ozols J. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase, a short-lived protein of endoplasmic reticulum with multiple control mechanisms. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2003; 68: 123-133.

  60. Miyazaki M, Kim Y-C, Ntambi JM. A lipogenic diet in mice with a disruption of the stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 gene reveals a stringent requirement of endogenous monounsaturated fatty acids for triglyceride synthesis. J Lipid Res 2001; 42: 1018–1024.

  61. Liang CP, Tall AR. Transcriptional profiling reveals global defects in energy metabolism, lipoprotein, and bile acid synthesis and transport with reversal by leptin treatment in ob/ob mouse liver. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 49066-76.

  62. Soukas A, Cohen P, Socci ND, Friedman JM. Leptin-specific patterns of gene expression in white adipose tissue. Genes Dev 2000; 14: 963-80.

  63. Zhou L, Halvorsen Y-D, Cryan EV, Pelton PD, Burris TP, Demarest KT. Analysis of the pattern of gene expression during human adipogenesis by DNA microarray. Biotechnology Techniques 1999; 13: 513-517.

  64. Moon YA, Shah NA, Mohapatra S, Warrington JA, Horton JD. Identification of a mammalian long chain fatty acyl elongase regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 45358-66.

  65. Sone H, Shimano H, Sakakura Y, Inoue N, Amemiya-Kudo M, Yahagi N, Osawa M, et al. Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase is a lipogenic enzyme controlled by SREBP-1 and energy status. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 282: E222-30.

  66. Horton JD, Shah NA, Warrington JA, Anderson NN, Park SW, Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Combined analysis of oligonucleotide microarray data from transgenic and knockout mice identifies direct SREBP target genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 12027-32.

  67. Faber BC, Cleutjens KB, Niessen RL, Aarts PL, Boon W, Greenberg AS, Kitslaar PJ, et al. Identification of genes potentially involved in rupture of human atherosclerotic plaques. Circ Res 2001; 89: 547-54.

  68. Martinez-Botas J, Anderson JB, Tessier D, Lapillonne A, Chang BH, Quast MJ, Gorenstein D, et al. Absence of perilipin results in leanness and reverses obesity in Leprdb/db mice. Nat Genet 2000; 26: 474-9.

  69. Chen JS, Greenberg AS, Tseng YZ, Wang SM. Possible involvement of protein kinase C in the induction of adipose differentiation-related protein by Sterol ester in RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Cell Biochem 2001; 83: 187-99.

  70. Charriere G, Cousin B, Arnaud E, Andre M, Bacou F, Penicaud L, Casteilla L. Preadipocyte conversion to macrophages: Evidence of plasticity. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 9850-5.

  71. Takahashi K, Mizuarai S, Araki H, Mashiko S, Ishihara A, Kanatani A, Itadani H, et al. Adiposity elevates plasma MCP-1 levels leading to the increased CD11b-positive monocytes in mice. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 46654-60.

  72. Moraes RC, Blondet A, Birkenkamp-Demtroeder K, Tirard J, Orntoft TF, Gertler A, Durand P, et al. Study of the alteration of gene expression in adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice by microarray and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses. Endocrinology 2003; 144: 4773-82.

  73. Castro-Chavez, F. El Incremento Coordinado de las Rutas Metabólicas Oxidativas y la Disminución en la Biosíntesis de Lípidos Caracterizan la Resistencia a la Obesidad en el Ratón Artificialmente Carente de Perilipina. PhD Tesis. Universidad de Guadalajara, 2004:42-48. URL: http://www.geocities.com/plin9k/tesis-fdocc.zip (zipped, compressed Word document)

  74. Mazurek T, Zhang L, Zalewski A, Mannion JD, Diehl JT, Arafat H, Sarov-Blat L, et al. Human epicardial adipose tissue is a source of inflammatory mediators. Circulation 2003; 108: 2460-6.

  75. Gomez-Ambrosi J, Catalan V, Diez-Caballero A, Martinez-Cruz LA, Gil MJ, Garcia-Foncillas J, Cienfuegos JA, et al. Gene expression profile of omental adipose tissue in human obesity. FASEB J 2004; 18: 215-7.

  76. Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Ferrante, Jr. AW. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 2003; 112: 1785-1788.

  77. Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, Tan G, Yang D, Chou CJ, Sole J, et al. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2003; 112: 1821-1830.

  78. Curat CA, Miranville A, Sengenes C, Diehl M, Tonus C, Busse R, Bouloumie A. From blood monocytes to adipose tissue-resident macrophages: induction of diapedesis by human mature adipocytes. Diabetes 2004; 53: 1285-1292.

  79. Rajala MW, Scherer PE. The Adipocyte—At the Crossroads of Energy Homeostasis, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis. Endocrinology 2003; 144: 3765-3773.

  80. Berger A, Mutch DM, Bruce German J, Roberts MA. Dietary effects of arachidonate-rich fungal oil and fish oil on murine hepatic and hippocampal gene expression. Lipids Health Dis 2002; 1: 2.

  81. Tsuchiya T, Dhahbi JM, Cui X, Mote PL, Bartke A, Spindler SR. Additive regulation of hepatic gene expression by dwarfism and caloric restriction. Physiol Genomics 2004; 17(3): 307-15.

  82. Yamauchi T, Hara K, Kubota N, Terauchi Y, Tobe K, Froguel P, Nagai R, et al. Dual roles of adiponectin/Acrp30 in vivo as an anti-diabetic and anti-atherogenic adipokine. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord 2003; 3: 243-54.

  83. Ntambi JM, Miyazaki M, Stoehr JP, Lan H, Kendziorski CM, Yandell BS, Song Y, et al. Loss of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 function protects mice against adiposity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 11482-11486.

  84. Luo J, Sladek R, Carrier J, Bader JA, Richard D, Giguere V. Reduced fat mass in mice lacking orphan nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor alpha. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23: 7947-56.

  85. Li C, Wong WH. Model-based analysis of oligonucleotide arrays: Expression index computation and outlier detection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98: 31-36. URL: http://www.dchip.org

  86. Kiyosawa N, Tanaka K, Hirao J, Ito K, Niino N, Sakuma K, Kanbori M, et al. Molecular mechanism investigation of phenobarbital-induced serum cholesterol elevation in rat livers by microarray analysis. Arch Toxicol 2004 Apr 24 [Epub ahead of print]

  87. Sreekumar R, Rosado B, Rasmussen D, Charlton M. Hepatic gene expression in histologically progressive nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2003; 38: 244-51.

  88. Te-Sligte K, Bourass I, Sels JP, Driessen A, Stockbrugger RW, Koek GH. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: review of a growing medical problem. Eur J Intern Med 2004; 15: 10-21.

  89. Grant LM, Lisker-Melman M. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Ann Hepatol 2004; 3(3): 93-99. URL: http://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/hepato/ah-2004/ah043c.pdf

  90. den Boer M, Voshol PJ, Kuipers F, Havekes LM, Romijn JA. Hepatic steatosis: a mediator of the metabolic syndrome. Lessons from animal models. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 4: 644-9.

  91. Listenberger LL, Han X, Lewis SE, Cases S, Farese Jr. RV, Ory DS, Schaffer JE. Triglyceride accumulation protects against fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 3077-3082.

  92. Dobrzyn P, Dobrzyn A, Miyazaki M, Cohen P, Asilmaz E, Hardie DG, Friedman JM, et al. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 deficiency increases fatty acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase in liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 6409-6414.

  93. Heinemann FS, Korza G, Ozols J. A Plasminogen-like protein selectively degrades stearoyl-coa desaturase in liver microsomes. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 42966-42975.

  94. Feng X, Jiang Y, Meltzer P, Yen PM. Thyroid hormone regulation of hepatic genes in vivo detected by complementary DNA microarray. Mol Endocrinol 2000; 14: 947-55.

  95. Tobe K, Suzuki R, Aoyama M, Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Kubota N, Terauchi Y, et al. Increased expression of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 gene in insulin receptor substrate-2-/- mouse liver. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 38337-40.

  96. Eaves IA, Wicker LS, Ghandour G, Lyons PA, Peterson LB, Todd JA, Glynne RJ. Combining mouse congenic strains and microarray gene expression analyses to study a complex trait: the NOD model of type 1 diabetes. Genome Res 2002; 12: 232-43.

  97. Callow MJ, Dudoit S, Gong EL, Speed TP, Rubin EM. Microarray expression profiling identifies genes with altered expression in HDL-deficient mice. Genome Res 2000; 10: 2022-9.

  98. Planat-Benard V, Silvestre J-S, Cousin B, Andre M, Nibbelink N, Tamarat R, Clergue M, et al. Plasticity of Human Adipose Lineage Cells Toward Endothelial Cells: Physiological and Therapeutic Perspectives. Circulation 2004; 109: 656-663.

  99. Kolonin MG, Saha PK, Chan L, Pasqualini R, Arap W. Reversal of obesity by targeted ablation of adipose tissue. Nat Med 2004; 10(6): 625-32.

  100. Bjorheim, J. Peptid med effekt pa fedme. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen (Norway) 2004; 124(15): 1908. URL: http://www.tidsskriftet.no/lts-pdf/pdf2004/1908.pdf

  101. Ikonen E, Fiedler K, Parton RG, Simons K. Prohibitin, an antiproliferative protein, is localized to mitochondria. FEBS Lett 1995; 358(3): 273-7.

  102. Chevet E, Cameron PH, Pelletier MF, Thomas DY, Bergeron JJ. The endoplasmic reticulum: integration of protein folding, quality control, signaling and degradation. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2001; 11: 120-4.

  103. Wickner S, Maurizi MR, Gottesman S. Posttranslational quality control: folding, refolding, and degrading proteins. Science 1999; 286: 1888-93.

  104. Coughlan CM, Walker JL, Cochran JC, Wittrup KD, Brodsky JL. Degradation of mutated bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor in the yeast vacuole suggests post-endoplasmic reticulum protein quality control. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 15289-97.

  105. Castro-Chavez F. A family of artificial heterotranscripts in Genbank and their EcoRI - related palindromic linkers (2004). URL: http://www.geocities.com/fdocc3/ht.htm [Abstract]

  106. Saha PK, Kojima H, Martinez-Botas J, Sunehag AL, Chan L. Metabolic adaptations in the absence of perilipin: Increased beta-oxidation and decreased hepatic glucose production associated with peripheral insulin resistance but normal glucose tolerance in perilipin-null mice. J Biol Chem 2004 Jun 14 [Epub ahead of print]

  107. Palou A, Bonet ML, Picó C, Rodríguez AM. Nutrigenómica y obesidad. Rev Med Univ Navarra 2004; 48(2): 36-48. URL: http://www.unav.es/revistamedicina/48_2

  108. Junien C. Colon cancer and nutritional genetics: modifier genes. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 2001; 152(5): 337-51.

  109. Paul A, Ko KWS, Li L, Yechoor V, McCrory MA, Szalai AJ, Chan L. C-Reactive Protein Accelerates the Progression of Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Circulation 2004; 109(5): 647-655.

  110. Perilipin (M. musculus). NCBI Entrez Gene. Gene-expression profiling of perilipin-/- mice. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Graphics&list_uids=103968

  111. International Chimpanzee Chromosome 22 Consortium. DNA sequence and comparative analysis of chimpanzee chromosome 22. Nature 2004; 429: 382-388.

  112. Qi L, Corella D, Sorli J, Portoles O, Shen H, Coltell O, Godoy D, et al. Genetic variation at the perilipin (PLIN) locus is associated with obesity-related phenotypes in White women. Clin Genet 2004; 66(4): 299-310.

  113. Scott LK, Vachharajani V, Mynatt RL, Minagar A, Conrad SA. Brain RNA expression in obese vs lean mice after LPS-induced systemic inflammation. Front Biosci 2004; 9: 2686-96.

  114. Meyer SC. The origin of biological information and the higher taxonomic categories. Proc Biol Soc Washington, 2004; 117(2): 213-239.

  115. Castro-Chavez F. Applying Mendel’s Laws to Generate Biodiversity. 8 Jun. 2004. URL: http://www.geocities.com/plin9k




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com