medigraphic.com
Órgano Oficial de la Asociación Mexicana de Hepatología

2004, Number 3

<< Back Next >>

Ann Hepatol 2004; 3 (3)

The importance of redox state in liver damage

Cesaratto L, Vascotto C, Calligaris S, Tell G

Language: English
References: 48
Page: 86-92
PDF size: 59.24 Kb.


Text Extraction

Oxidative stress is a major pathogenetic event occurring in several liver disorders ranging from metabolic to proliferative ones, and is a major cause of liver damage due to Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) during liver transplantation. The main sources of ROS are represented by mitochondria and cytocrome P450 enzymes in the hepatocyte, by Kupffer cells and by neutrophils. Cells are provided with efficient molecular strategies to strictly control the intracellular ROS level and to maintain the balance between oxidant and antioxidant molecules. A cellular oxidative stress condition is determined by an imbalance between the generation of ROS and the antioxidant defense capacity of the cell and can affect major cellular components including lipids, proteins and DNA. Proteins are very important signposts of cellular redox status and through their structure/function modulation, ROS can also influence gene expression profile by affecting intracellular signal transduction pathways.
While several enzymatic (such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and non enzymatic (such as 4-hydroxynonenal, decrease of glutathione, vitamin E, vitamin C, malondialdehyde) markers of chronic oxidative stress in liver are well known, early protein targets of oxidative injury are yet not well defined. Identification of these markers will enable early detection of liver diseases and will allow monitoring the degree of liver damage, the response to pharmacological therapies and the development of new therapeutic approaches. In the new era of molecular medicine, new proteomics methodologies promise to establish a relationship between pathological hallmarks of disease and protein structural and functional abnormalities in liver disease, thus allowing a better understanding and a more rational therapy on these disorders.


REFERENCES

  1. Sies H. Oxidative stress: introductory remarks. In Oxidative Stress, Sies H ed, Academic Press 1985 London: 1-9.

  2. Bray TM. Antioxidants and oxidative stress in health and disease: introduction. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1999; 222: 195.

  3. Dalle-Donne I, Scaloni A, Giustarini D, Cavarra E, Tell G, Lungarella G, Colombo R, Rossi R, Milzani A. Proteins as biomarkers of oxidative/nirosative stress in diseases. The contribution of redox proteomics. Mass Spectromerty Reviews 2004. doi:10.1002/med.2006.

  4. Loguercio C, Federico A. Oxidative stress in viral and alcoholic hepatitis. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34: 1-10.

  5. Poli G, Parola M. Oxidative damage and fibrogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 1997; 22: 287-305.

  6. Kang KJ. Mechanism of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury and protection against reperfusion injury. Transplant Proc 2002; 34(7): 2659-61.

  7. Berrevoet F, Schafer T, Vollmar B, Menger MD. Ischemic preconditioning: enough evidence to support clinical application in liver surgery and transplantation? Acta Chir Belg 2003; 103: 485-489.

  8. McCord JM. Oxygen-derived free radicals in postischemic tissue injury. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 159-163.

  9. Lander HM. An essential role for free radicals and derived species in signal transduction. FASEB J 1997; 11: 118-124.

  10. Mikkelsen RB, Wardman P. Biological chemistry of reactive oxygen and nitrogen and radiation-induced signal transduction mechanisms. Oncogene 2003; 22: 5734-5754.

  11. Fridovich I. The biology of oxygen radicals. Science 1978; 201: 875-880.

  12. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. (2 nd ed). Oxford, UK. Clarendon 1989.

  13. Nakamura K, Hori T, Sato N, Sugie K, Kawakami T, Yodoi J. Redox regulation of a src family protein tyrosine kinase p56lck in T cells. Oncogene 1993; 8: 3133-3139.

  14. Staal FJ, Anderson MT, Staal GE, Herzenberg LA, Gitler C, Herzenberg LA. Redox regulation of signal transduction: tyrosine phosphorylation and calcium influx. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91(9): 3619-22.

  15. Sun X, Majumder P, Shioya H, Wu F, Kumar S, Weichselbaum R, Kharbanda S, Kufe D. Activation of the cytoplasmic c-Abl tyrosine kinase by reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem 2000; 275(23): 17237-40.

  16. Davies KJ. Protein damage and degradation by oxygen radicals. I. General aspects. J Biol Chem 1987; 262(20): 9895-901.

  17. Grune T, Reinheckel T, Davies KJ. Degradation of oxidized proteins in mammalian cells. FASEB J 1997; 11(7): 526-34.

  18. Droge W. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev 2002; 82(1): 47-95.

  19. Parola M, Robino G. Oxidative stress-related molecules and liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 2001; 35: 297-306.

  20. Zima T, Fialova L, Mestek O, Janebova M, Crkovska J, Malbohan I, Stipek S, Mikulikova L, Popov P. Oxidative stress, metabolism of ethanol and alcohol-related diseases. J Biomed Sci 2001; 8(1): 59-70.

  21. Lieber CS. Alcohol and the liver: 1994 update. Gastroenterology 1994; 106(4): 1085-105.

  22. Inoue M. Protective mechanisms against reactive oxygen species. In: Arias IM, Fausto N, Jakoby WB, Schachter D, Shafritz DA, editors. The liver: biology and pathobiology. New York: Raven 1994: 443-459.

  23. Pietrangelo A. Iron, oxidative stress and liver fibrogenesis. J Hepatol 1998; 28(suppl 1): 8-13.

  24. Tell G, Damante G, Caldwell D, Kelley MR. The intracellular localization of APE/Ref-1: more than a passive phenomenon? Antioxid Red Signal 2004; (In Press).

  25. Tell G, Pellizzari L, Pucillo C, Puglisi F, Cesselli D, Kelley MR, Di Loreto C, Damante G. TSH controls Ref-1 nuclear translocation in thyroid cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2000; 24(3): 383-90.

  26. Tell G, Zecca A, Pellizzari L, Spessotto P, Colombatti A, Kelley MR, Damante G, Pucillo C. An ‘environment to nucleus’ signaling system operates in B lymphocytes: redox status modulates BSAP/Pax-5 activation through Ref-1 nuclear translocation. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28(5): 1099-105.

  27. Kurose I, Higuchi H, Miura S, Saito H, Watanabe N, Hokari R, Hirokawa M, Takaishi M, Zeki S, Nakamura T, Ebinuma H, Kato S, Ishii H. Oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis of hepatocytes exposed to acute ethanol intoxication. Hepatology 1997; 25: 368-378.

  28. Cardin R, Saccoccio G, Masutti F, Bellentani S, Farinati F, Tiribelli C. DNA oxidative damage in leukocytes correlates with the severity of HCV-related liver disease: validation in an open population study. J Hepatol 2001; 34: 587-592.

  29. Pietrangelo A, Borella F, Casalgrandi G, Montosi G, Ceccarelli D, Gallesi D, Giovannini F, Gasparetto A, Masini A. Antioxidant activity of silybin in vivo during long-term iron overload in rats. Gastroenterology 1995; 109(6): 1941-9.

  30. Morimoto M, Hagbjork AL, Nanji AA, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Lindros KO, Fu PC, Albano E, French SW. Role of cytochrome P4502E1 in alcoholic liver disease pathogenesis. Alcohol 1993; 10(6): 459-64.

  31. Stal P, Johansson I, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Hagen K, Hultcrantz R. Hepatotoxicity induced by iron overload and alcohol. Studies on the role of chelatable iron, cytochrome P450 2E1 and lipid peroxidation. J Hepatol 1996; 25(4): 538-46.

  32. Cederbaum AI. Ethanol-related cytotoxicity catalyzed by CYP2E1-dependent generation of reactive oxygen intermediates in transduced HepG2 cells. Biofactors 1998; 8(1-2): 93-6.

  33. Roman J, Colell A, Blasco C, Caballeria J, Pares A, Rodes J, Fernandez-Checa JC. Differential role of ethanol and acetaldehyde in the induction of oxidative stress in HepG2 cells: effect on transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB. Hepatology 1999; 30(6): 1473-80.

  34. James OF, Day CP. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a disease of emerging identity and importance. J Hepatol 1998; 29(3): 495-501.

  35. Johnson FB, Sinclair DA, Guarente L. Molecular biology of aging. Cell 1999; 96(2): 291-302.

  36. Boyer N, Marcellin P. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2000; 32(1 Suppl): 98-112.

  37. Farinati F, Cardin R, Degan P, De Maria N, Floyd RA, Van Thiel DH, Naccarato R. Oxidative DNA damage in circulating leukocytes occurs as an early event in chronic HCV infection. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 27(11-12): 1284-91.

  38. Bureau C, Bernad J, Chaouche N, Orfila C, Beraud M, Gonindard C, Alric L, Vinel JP, Pipy B. Nonstructural 3 protein of hepatitis C virus triggers an oxidative burst in human monocytes via activation of NADPH oxidase. J Biol Chem 2001; 276(25): 23077-83.

  39. Gong G, Waris G, Tanveer R, Siddiqui A. Human hepatitis C virus NS5A protein alters intracellular calcium levels, induces oxidative stress, and activates STAT-3 and NF-kappa B. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98(17): 9599-604.

  40. Okuda M, Li K, Beard MR, Showalter LA, Scholle F, Lemon SM, Weinman SA. Mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, and antioxidant gene expression are induced by hepatitis C virus core protein. Gastroenterology 2002; 122(2): 366-75.

  41. Engerson TD, McKelvey TG, Rhyne DB, Boggio EB, Snider SJ, Jones HP. Conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to oxidase in ischemic rat tissues. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 1564-1570.

  42. Ozaki M, Suzuki S, Irani K. Redox factor-1/APE suppresses oxidative stress by inhibiting the rac1 GTPase. FASEB J 2002; 16(8): 889-90.

  43. Czaja MJ, Liu H, Wang Y. Oxidant-induced hepatocyte injury from menadione is regulated by ERK and AP-1 signaling. Hepatology 2003; 37: 1405-1413.

  44. Tacchini L, Radice L, Pogliaghi G, Bernelli-Zazzera A. Differential activation of heat shock and nuclear factor kappa B transcription factors in postischemic reperfused rat liver. Hepatology 1997; 26: 186-191.

  45. Morgan KT, Ni H, Brown HR, Yoon L, Qualls CW Jr, Crosby LM, Reynolds R, Gaskill B, Anderson SP, Kepler TB, Brainard T, Liv N, Easton M, Merrill C, Creech D, Sprenger D, Conner G, Johnson PR, Fox T, Sartor M, Richard E, Kuruvilla S, Casey W, Benavides G. Application of cDNA microarray technology to in vitro toxicology and the selection of genes for a real-time RT-PCR-based screen for oxidative stress in Hep-G2 cells. Toxicol Pathol 2002; 30: 435-451.

  46. Zhu H, Bilgin M, Snyder M. Proteomics. Annu Rev Biochem 2003; 72: 783-812

  47. Paron I, D’Elia A, D’Ambrosio C, Scaloni A, D’Aurizio F, Prescott A, Damante G, Tell G. A proteomic approach to identify early molecular targets of oxidative stress in human epithelial lens cells. Biochem J 2004; 378: 929-937.

  48. Wheeler MD, Kono H, Yin M, Rusyn I, Froh M, Condor HD, Mason RP, Samulski RJ, Thurman RG. Delivery of the Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase gene with adenovirus reduces early alcohol-induced liver injury in rats. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 1241-1250.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com