medigraphic.com
Organo Oficial de la Sociedad Mexicana de Urología

2024, Number 1

<< Back Next >>

Rev Mex Urol 2024; 84 (1)

Etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of encrusted cystitis and pyelitis: Review of the problem from a historical perspective

Soriano-García F, Fernández-Natal I

Language: English
References: 50
Page: 1-12
PDF size: 245.58 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Introduction: Encrusted cystitis and pyelitis share many similarities regarding etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. These processes usually occur on previously injured urological tissue with the participation of an infection by urease-producing bacteria. At present Corynebacterium urealyticum, a highly antibiotic-resistant bacteria, appears to be the pathogen most often involved in these processes. In this review we analyze the history of these diseases with special emphasis on the scientific advances of the last century. We also review the role of urease and bacterial infection as well as a brief update on the epidemiological, histopathological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.
Relevance: The importance and severity of these pathologies that are frequently underdiagnosed and difficult to treat are stressed.
Conclusions: The clinical history, exploratory and analytical data, which highlight alkaline urine, sometimes with an ammoniacal odor, pyuria, hematuria and the presence of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals, should alert the urologist to the existence of an encrusting uropathy. Simple radiology, ultrasound, computed tomography and endoscopic visualization of the lesions confirm the diagnosis. Treatment generally requires surgery, use of antibiotics, urinary acidifiers and bacterial urease inhibitors.


REFERENCES

  1. Griffith DP. Struvite stones. Kidney International.1978;13(5): 372–382. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.1978.55.

  2. Françoise J. La cystite incrustée. J Urol Méd Chir.1914;14(5): 35–52.

  3. Aguado JM, Morales JM, Salto E, Lumbreras C,Lizasoain M, Diaz-Gonzalez R, et al. Encrustedpyelitis and cystitis by corynebacteriumurealyticum (CDC group D2): a new andthreatening complication following renaltransplant. Transplantation. 1993;56(3):617–622. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199309000-00023.

  4. Griffith DP, Musher DM. Prevention of infectedurinary stones by urease inhibition. InvestigativeUrology. 1973;11(3): 228–233.

  5. Soriano F, Ponte C, Santamaría M, Castilla C,Fernández Roblas R. In vitro and in vivo studyof stone formation by Corynebacterium groupD2 (Corynebacterium urealyticum). Journalof Clinical Microbiology. 1986;23(4): 691–694. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.23.4.691-694.1986.

  6. Soriano F, Tauch A. Microbiological and clinicalfeatures of Corynebacterium urealyticum:urinary tract stones and genomics as the RosettaStone. Clinical Microbiology and Infection.2008;14(7): 632–643. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02023.x.

  7. Braude AI, Siemienski J. Role of bacterial ureasein experimental pyelonephritis1. Journal ofBacteriology. 1960;80(2): 171–179. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.80.2.171-179.1960.

  8. Schaffer JN, Pearson MM. Proteus mirabilis andUrinary Tract Infections. Mulvey MA, StapletonAE, Klumpp DJ (eds.) Microbiology Spectrum.2015;3(5): 3.5.10. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.uti-0017-2013.

  9. Resnick MI. Evaluation and Management ofInfection Stones. Urologic Clinics of NorthAmerica. 1981;8(2): 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-0143(21)01281-7.

  10. Hager B, Magath T. The etiology of incrustedcystitis with alkaline urine. Journal of theAmerican Medical Association. 1925;85(18):1352–1355. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1925.02670180008002.

  11. Shaw EC, Hill JH. Report of a New PathogenicOrganism (Co-Rynebacterium Thompsoni)with Description of an Epidemic of Infection ofUrinary Fistula. Journal of Urology. 1925;13(6):689–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)73606-3.

  12. Randall A, Campbell EW. Alkaline IncrustedCystitis1. Journal of Urology. 1937;37(2):284–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)72029-0.

  13. Burns E. The role of urea-splitting organismsin the formation of certain types of stonesin the urinary tract. Surgery. 1938;4(5):673–679. https://doi.org/10.5555/uri:pii:S0039606038903836.

  14. Thompson L, Schulte TL. Urea-splittingorganisms in urine: preliminary report. In: Proc.Staff Meet., Mayo Clin. 1939. p. 361–364.

  15. Cifuentes Delatte, L . Cistitis y cistopatías. PazMontalvo; 1947.

  16. Jameson RM. The treatment of phosphaticencrusted cystitis (alkaline cystitis) withnalidixic acid. British Journal of Urology.1966;38(1): 89–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.1966.tb09682.x.

  17. Marsh FP, Vince FP, Pollock DJ, Path MC, BlandyJP, Chir. M. Cyclophosphamide necrosis ofbladder causing calcification, contracture andreflux; treated by colocystoplasty. British Journalof Urology. 2008;43(3): 324–332. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.1971.tb12049.x

  18. Rodríguez Tolrá JR, Serrate R. Cistitisincrustante. Archivos Españoles De Urologia.

  19. 1978;31: 541–556.19. Aubert J, Dore B, Touchard G, Loetitia G. Lacystite incrustée à urine alcaline. Aspectscliniques et traitement. Journal d’urologie.1982;88(6): 359–363.

  20. Hedelin H, Brorson J -E., Grenabo L, PetterssonS. Ureaplasma urealyticum and Upper UrinaryTract Stones. British Journal of Urology.1984;56(3): 244–249. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.1984.tb05381.x.

  21. Braude Ai, Siemienski J, Jacobs I. Protoplastformation in human urine. Transactions of theAssociation of American Physicians. 1961;74.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13872570/

  22. Ribot S, Gal K, Goldblat MV, Eslami HH. TheRole of Anaerobic Bacteria in the Pathogenesisof Urinary Tract Infections. Journal ofUrology. 1981;126(6): 852–853. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)54781-3.

  23. Soriano F, Ponte C, Santamaria M, Aguado JM,Wilhelmi I, Vela R, et al. Corynebacterium groupD2 as a cause of alkaline-encrusted cystitis:report of four cases and characterization ofthe organisms. Journal of Clinical Microbiology.1985;21(5): 788–792. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.21.5.788-792.1985.

  24. 24.Pitcher D, Soto A, Soriano F, Valero-GuillenP. Classification of Coryneform BacteriaAssociated with Human Urinary Tract Infection(Group D2) as Corynebacterium urealyticumsp. nov. International Journal of SystematicBacteriology. 1992;42(1): 178–181. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-42-1-178.

  25. Soriano F, Fernández-Natal I. Corynebacteriumurealyticum: un patógeno frecuentementeresponsable de casos de cistitis y pielitisincrustadas. Revista Mexicana de Urología.2023;83(4): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.48193/revistamexicanadeurologa.v83i4.1030.

  26. Aguado JM, Ponte C, Soriano F. Bacteriuria witha Multiply Resistant Species of Corynebacterium(Corynebacterium Group D2): An UnnoticedCause of Urinary Tract Infection. Journal ofInfectious Diseases. 1987;156(1): 144–150.https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/156.1.144.

  27. Soriano F, Aguado JM, Ponte C, Fernández-Roblas R, Rodríguez-Tudela JL. Urinary TractInfection Caused by Corynebacterium GroupD2: Report of 82 Cases and Review. ClinicalInfectious Diseases. 1990;12(6): 1019–1034.https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/12.6.1019.

  28. Meria P, Desgrippes A, Arfi C, Le Duc A.Encrusted cystitis and pyelitis. The Journal ofUrology. 1998;160(1): 3–9.

  29. Sakhi H, Join-Lambert O, Goujon A, Culty T,Loubet P, Dang J, et al. Encrusted Urinary TractInfections Due to Corynebacteria Species. KidneyInternational Reports. 2021;6(1): 179–186.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2020.10.034.

  30. Devine PA, Courtney AE. Alkaline-EncrustedPyelitis in a Renal Allograft. Kidney InternationalReports. 2019;4(1): 174–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2018.08.012.

  31. Ito K, Takahashi T, Kanno T, Okada T, HigashiY, Yamada H. Renal failure due to encrustedcystitis and pyelitis. IJU Case Reports. 2020;3(3):112–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/iju5.12158.

  32. Fernández Natal I, Cachón García F, Guerra LasoJ, Alcoba Leza M, Soriano García F. BacteremiaCaused by Multiply Resistant Corynebacteriumurealyticum: Six Case Reports and Review.European Journal of Clinical Microbiology andInfectious Diseases. 2001;20(7): 514–517.https://doi.org/10.1007/pl00011297.

  33. Meria P, Margaryan M, Haddad E, Dore B,Lottmann HB. Encrusted cystitis and pyelitis inchildren: An unusual condition with potentiallysevere consequences. Urology. 2004;64(3):569–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2004.04.013.

  34. Soriano F, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Fernández-Roblas R, Aguado JM, Santamaría M. Skincolonization by Corynebacterium groups D2and JK in hospitalized patients. Journal of ClinicalMicrobiology. 1988;26(9): 1878–1880. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.26.9.1878-1880.1988.

  35. Van De Perre E, Reichman G, De Geyter D,Geers C, Wissing KM, Letavernier E. EncrustedUropathy: A Comprehensive Overview—Tothe Bottom of the Crust. Frontiers in Medicine.2021;7: 609024. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.609024.

  36. Sánchez-Martín FM, López-Martínez JM,Kanashiro-Azabache A, Moncada E, Angerri-FeuO, Millán-Rodríguez F, et al. Corynebacteriumurealyticum: aumento de la incidencia deinfección y uropatía incrustante. ActasUrológicas Españolas. 2016;40(2): 102–107.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acuro.2015.09.007.

  37. Lopez-Medrano F, Garcia-Bravo M, MoralesJM, Andras A, San Juan R, Lizasoain M, et al.Urinary Tract Infection due to Corynebacteriumurealyticum in Kidney Transplant Recipients:An Underdiagnosed Etiology for ObstructiveUropathy and Graft Dysfunction--Results of aProspective Cohort Study. Clinical InfectiousDiseases. 2008;46(6): 825–830. https://doi.org/10.1086/528713.

  38. Cappuccino L, Bottino P, Torricella A, PontremoliR. Nephrolithiasis by Corynebacteriumurealyticum infection: literature review andcase report. Journal of Nephrology. 2014;27(2):117–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-014-0064-1.

  39. Pierciaccante A, Pompeo ME, Fabi F, VendittiM. Successful treatment of Corynebacteriumurealyticum encrusted cystitis: a case report andliterature review. Infez Med. 2007;15(1): 56–58.

  40. Rusmir AV, Paunescu IA, Martis S, Latcu S,Novacescu D, Bardan CR, et al. EncrustedUretero-Pyelitis Caused by Corynebacteriumurealyticum: Case Report and LiteratureReview. Diagnostics. 2022;12(9): 2239. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12092239.

  41. Simoons-Smit AM, Savelkoul PHM, NewlingDWW, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJ. ChronicCystitis Caused by Corynebacterium urealyticumDetected by Polymerase Chain Reaction.European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &Infectious Diseases. 2000;19(12): 949–952.https://doi.org/10.1007/s100960000407.

  42. Domann E, Hong G, Imirzalioglu C, TurschnerS, Kühle J, Watzel C, et al. Culture-IndependentIdentification of Pathogenic Bacteria andPolymicrobial Infections in the GenitourinaryTract of Renal Transplant Recipients. Journal ofClinical Microbiology. 2003;41(12): 5500–5510.https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.41.12.5500-5510.2003.

  43. Nadler RB, Hoffman TA, McCLENNANBL, Clayman RV. Corynebacteriumurealyticum(CDC Group D2) Associated withStaghorn Calculus: Treatment by PercutaneousDebulking and Chemolysis. Journal ofEndourology. 1996;10(1): 31–34. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.1996.10.31.

  44. Meria P, Desgrippes A, Fournier R, Arfi C,Antoine C, Martinat L, et al. The conservativemanagement of corynebacterium groupD2 encrusted pyelitis. BJU international.1999;84(3): 270–275. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00156.x.

  45. Estorc JJ, de La Coussaye JE, Viel EJ, BouzigesN, Ramuz M, Eledjam JJ. Teicoplanintreatment of alkaline encrusted cystitis dueto Corynebacterium group D2. The EuropeanJournal of Medicine. 1992;1(3): 183–184.

  46. Ozkan TA, Yalcin MS, Dillioglugil O, Cevik I.Encrusted cystitis caused by corynebacteriumurealyticum: a case report with novel treatmentstrategy of intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide.International braz j urol. 2018;44(6): 1252–1255. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2017.0588.

  47. Newman D. The treatment of cystitis byintravesical injections of lactic bacillus cultures.The Lancet. 1915;186(4798): 330–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)53633-8.

  48. Caulk JR. Incrusted cystitis. Am J Urol. 11: 1–10.

  49. Redewill FH. Comparison of leukoplakia,malakoplakia, and incrusted cystitis: reportof cases and a new method of treatment.Journal of the American Medical Association.1929;92(7): 532. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1929.02700330016006.

  50. Sabiote L, Emiliani E, Kanashiro AK, Balañà J,Mosquera L, Sánchez-Martín FM, et al. OralAcidification with l-Methionine as a NoninvasiveTreatment for Encrusted Uropathy. Journal ofEndourology Case Reports. 2020;6(3): 143-146.https://doi.org/10.1089/cren.2019.0164.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com