medigraphic.com

2023, Number 1

<< Back

Revista Colombiana de Bioética 2023; 18 (1)

Neural implants and morphological freedom

García-Rairán LA, Clavijo-Montoya HA

Language: Spanish
References: 72
Page: 1-21
PDF size: 223.60 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Purpose/Context: As a transhumanist proposal, neural implants generate a brain-device binomial that, from morphological freedom, is considered as a right to be subjects and at the same time means and protagonists of one’s own transformations; however, concerns are raised about how morphological freedom is interpreted with the use of these devices.
Methodology/Approach: Based on five fictitious cases, an analysis of the connotations that neural implants have from morphological freedom as a transhumanist position, understood especially based on Anders Sandberg’s approaches, is carried out.
Results/Findings: Morphological freedom provides a view of autonomy that gives content to the use of neural implants as a transhumanist proposal. The challenges that emerge involve reflections to situations such as hacking, information privacy, personal performance, military use, and the very identity of people.
Discussion/Conclusions/Contributions: As in other neurotechnologies, advances with neural implants are progressive, diverse and seem to have no limits, which increases the possibilities of exploration in the search for improvement. These innovations also challenge morphological freedom, seen from a subject that at the same time becomes an object to achieve enhancement.


REFERENCES

  1. Allhoff, Fritz, Patrick Lin y Jesse Steinberg. 2011. “Ethics of Human Enhancement:An Executive Summary.” Science and Engineering Ethics 17, no. 2: 201-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-009-9191-9

  2. Antolik, Jan, Quentin Sabatier, Charlie Galle, Yves Frégnac y Ryad Benosman.2021. “Assessment of Optogenetically-Driven Strategies for Prosthetic Restorationof Cortical Vision in Large-Scale Neural Simulation of V1.” Scientific Reports2021 11, no. 1: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88960-8

  3. Anumanchipalli, Gopala K., Josh Chartier y Edward F. Chang. 2019. “Speech Synthesisfrom Neural Decoding of Spoken Sentences.” Nature 568, no. 7753: 493-98. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1119-1

  4. Attiah, Mark A. y Martha J. Farah. 2014. “Minds, Motherboards, and Money: Futurismand Realism in the Neuroethics of BCI Technologies.” Frontiers in SystemsNeuroscience 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00086

  5. Baranzoni, Sara. 2020. “Adicción y Metabolismo Digital. Una Mirada Desde La Filosofíade La Tecnología.” Revista Colombiana de Bioética 15, no. 2: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.18270/rcb.v15i2.2684

  6. Bergeron, David, Christian Iorio-Morin, Marco Bonizzato, Guillaume Lajoie,Nathalie Orr Gaucher, Éric Racine y Alexander G Weil. 2023. “Use of InvasiveBrain-Computer Interfaces in Pediatric Neurosurgery: Technical andEthical Considerations.” Journal of Child Neurology 38, no. 3-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/08830738231167736

  7. Beauchamp, Tom y James Childress. 2019. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. NuevaYork: Oxford University Press.

  8. Blank, Robert H. 2023. “United States Policy on BCIs: Funding Research, RegulatingTherapies, and Commercializing Consumer Technology.” En Policy, Identity,and Neurotechnology, editado por Veljko Dubljevic y Allen Coin, 189-206. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26801-4_11

  9. Bostrom, Nick. 2005. “In Defense of Posthuman Dignity.” Bioethics 19, no. 3: 202-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-8519.2005.00437.X

  10. Bostrom, Nick y Anders Sandberg. 2009. “Cognitive Enhancement: Methods,Ethics, Regulatory Challenges.” Science and Engineering Ethics 15, no. 3: 311-41.https://doi.org/10.1007/S11948-009-9142-5

  11. Bugajska, Anna. 2021. “Is Transhumanism the Solution to Euthanasia?” Jahr 12,no. 1: 45-64. https://doi.org/10.21860/J.12.1.3

  12. Burwell, Sasha, Matthew Sample y Eric Racine. 2017. “Ethical Aspects of BrainComputer Interfaces: A Scoping Review.” BMC Medical Ethics 18, no. 1: 1-11.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-017-0220-y

  13. Cardozo, John Jairo y Tania Meneses Cabrera. 2014. “Transhumanismo: Concepciones,Alcances y Tendencias.” Revista Colombiana de Humanidades 46, no. 84:63-89. https://doi.org/10.15332/s0120-8454.2014.0084.04

  14. Chari, Aswin, Sanjay Budhdeo, Rachel Sparks, Damiano G. Barone, Hani J. Marcus,Erlick A.C. Pereira y Martin M. Tisdall. 2021. “Brain-Machine Interfaces:The Role of the Neurosurgeon.” World Neurosurgery 146: 140-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WNEU.2020.11.028

  15. Cinel, Caterina, Davide Valeriani y Riccardo Poli. 2019. “Neurotechnologies forHuman Cognitive Augmentation: Current State of the Art and Future Prospects.”Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 13: 430907. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00013

  16. Decker, Michael y Torsten Fleischer. 2008. “Contacting the Brain - Aspects of aTechnology Assessment of Neural Implants.” Biotechnology Journal 3, no. 12:1502-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.200800225

  17. Devlin, Matthew. 2014. “Cultivating Better Brains: Transhumanism and Its Criticson the Ethics of Enhancement Via Brain-Computer Interfacing.” ElectronicThesis and Dissertation Repository, The University of Western Ontario. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1946

  18. Dresler, Martin, Anders Sandberg, Christoph Bublitz, Kathrin Ohla, Carlos Trenado,Aleksandra Mroczko-Wąsowicz, Simone Kühn y Dimitris Repantis. 2019.“Hacking the Brain: Dimensions of Cognitive Enhancement.” ACS Chemical Neuroscience10, no. 3: 1137-48. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00571

  19. Dubljević, Veljko y Allen Coin. 2023. Policy, Identity, and Neurotechnology. Suiza:Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26801-4

  20. Elia, Gianluca, Elisabetta Raguseo, Gianluca Solazzo y Federico Pigni. 2022. “StrategicBusiness Value from Big Data Analytics: An Empirical Analysis of the MediatingEffects of Value Creation Mechanisms.” Information & Management 59,no. 8: 103701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2022.103701

  21. Esteban, Jesús y Cárcar Benito. 2019. “El Transhumanismo y Los Implantes CerebralesBasados En Las Tecnologías de La Inteligencia Artificial: Sus PerímetrosNeuroéticos y Jurídicos.” IUS ET SCIENTIA 5 (1): 157-89. https://doi.org/10.12795/IESTSCIENTIA.2019.i01.07

  22. Etxeberria, Jon Rueda. 2020. “De La Libertad Morfológica Transhumanista a LaCorporalidad Posthumana: Convergencias y Divergencias.” Isegoría 63: 311-28.https://doi.org/10.3989/ISEGORIA.2020.063.02

  23. Fiani, Brian, Taylor Reardon, Benjamin Ayres, David Cline y Sarah R Sitto. 2021.“An Examination of Prospective Uses and Future Directions of Neuralink:The Brain-Machine Interface.” Cureus 13, no. 3. https://doi.org/10.7759/CUREUS.14192

  24. Friedrich, Orsolya, Eric Racine, Steffen Steinert, Johannes Pömsl y Ralf J. Jox.2021. “An Analysis of the Impact of Brain-Computer Interfaces on Autonomy.”Neuroethics 14, no. 1: 17-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12152-018-9364-9

  25. Gaitán, Leandro. 2021. “Naturaleza Humana y Derechos Posthumanos.” Humanidades:Revista de La Universidad de Montevideo 10, no. 10: 201-20. https://doi.org/10.25185/10.8

  26. Hottois, Gilbert. 2013. “Humanismo; Transhumanismo; Posthumanismo.” RevistaColombiana de Bioética 8, no. 2: 167-92. https://doi.org/10.18270/RCB.V8I2.797

  27. Hottois, Gilbert. 2015. “Rostros Del Trans/Posthumanismo a La Luz de La PreguntaPor El Humanismo.” Revista Colombiana de Bioética 10, no. 2: 175-92. https://doi.org/10.18270/RCB.V10I2.1764

  28. Hughes, James J. 2012. “The Politics of Transhumanism and the Techno-MillennialImagination, 1626-2030.” Zygon® 47, no. 4: 757-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-9744.2012.01289.X

  29. Ienca, Marcello y Pim Haselager. 2016. “Hacking the Brain: Brain-Computer InterfacingTechnology and the Ethics of Neurosecurity.” Ethics and InformationTechnology 18, no. 2: 117-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10676-016-9398-9

  30. Jebari, Karim. 2013. “Brain Machine Interface and Human Enhancement - AnEthical Review.” Neuroethics 6, no. 3: 617-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12152-012-9176-2

  31. Kellmeyer, Philipp. 2023. “Neurotechnology and Fundamental Rights: Conceptualand Ethical Foundations.” En The Risks and Challenges of Neurotechnologies forHuman Rights, edited by United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural OrganizationUNESCO, editado por UNESCO, University of Milan-Bicocca - Departmentof Business and Law y State University of New York (SUNY), 39-44. Brooklyn:Unesco. https://doi.org/10.54678/POGS7778

  32. Klaming, Laura y Pim Haselager. 2013. “Did My Brain Implant Make Me Do It?Questions Raised by Dbs Regarding Psychological Continuity, Responsibilityfor Action and Mental Competence.” Neuroethics 6, no. 3: 527-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12152-010-9093-1

  33. Klein, Eran. 2016. “Informed Consent in Implantable BCI Research: IdentifyingRisks and Exploring Meaning.” Science and Engineering Ethics 22, no. 5: 1299-1317. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11948-015-9712-7

  34. Kotchetkov, Ivan S., Brian Y. Hwang, Geoffrey Appelboom, Christopher P. Kellnery E. Sander Connolly. 2010. “Brain-Computer Interfaces: Military, Neurosurgical,and Ethical Perspective.” Neurosurgical Focus 28, no. 5: E25. https://doi.org/10.3171/2010.2.FOCUS1027

  35. Kulshreshth, Abhinav, Abhineet Anand y Anupam Lakanpal. 2019. “Neuralink-An Elon Musk Start-up Achieve Symbiosis with Artificial Intelligence.”Proceedings - 2019 International Conference on Computing, Communication,and Intelligent Systems, ICCCIS 2019: 105-9. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCIS48478.2019.8974470

  36. Lacalle Noriega, María. 2021. “Transhumanismo y Derecho: de la Naturaleza Humanaa la Autodeterminación como Fundamento de los Derechos Humanos.”Cuadernos de Bioética 32, no. 105: 225-35. https://doi.org/10.30444/CB.100

  37. Li, Ming, Yu Qi y Gang Pan. 2023. “Optimal Feature Analysis for IdentificationBased on Intracranial Brain Signals with Machine Learning Algorithms.” Bioengineering10, no. 7: 801. https://doi.org/10.3390/BIOENGINEERING10070801

  38. Mason, Luke Robert. 2018. “Max More & Natasha Vita-More on the History ofTranshumanism w/ Luke Robert Mason.” Entrevista por Luke Robert Mason,mayo 28, 2020. Audio. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffEDNLRq6y8

  39. Minerva, Francesca y Anders Sandberg. 2017. “Euthanasia and Cryothanasia.”Bioethics 31, no. 7: 526-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12368

  40. Monterde Ferrando, Rafael. 2020. “El Transhumanismo de Julian Huxley: UnaNueva Religión Para La Humanidad.” Cuadernos de Bioética 31, no. 101: 71-85.https://doi.org/10.30444/CB.53

  41. More, Max. 2013. “The Philosophy of Transhumanism.” En Morphological Freedom -Why We Not Just Want It, but Need It, editado por Max More y Natasha Vita-More,3-17. Chichester, Inglaterra: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

  42. More, Max. 2014. “The Enhanced Carnality of Post-Biological Life.” En IntelligenceUnbound: The Future of Uploaded and Machine Minds, editado por Russell Blackfordy Damien Broderick, 222-30. Inglaterra: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118736302.CH15

  43. More, Max y Natasha Vita-More. 2013. The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and ContemporaryEssays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future.Inglaterra: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118555927

  44. Moreno, Jonathan, Michael L. Gross, Jack Becker, Blake Hereth, Neil D. Shortlandy Nicholas G. Evans. 2022. “The Ethics of AI-Assisted Warfighter EnhancementResearch and Experimentation: Historical Perspectives and Ethical Challenges.”Frontiers in Big Data 5: 978734. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2022.978734

  45. Musk, Elon y Neuralink. 2019. “An Integrated Brain-Machine Interface PlatformWith Thousands of Channels.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 21, no. 10:e16194. https://doi.org/10.2196/16194

  46. Ogbujah, Columbus y Charles Ufomadu. 2010. “Ethical Issues in Cyborgization:The Case of Brain-Computer Interface.” MELINTAS 26, no. 2: 141-59.

  47. Palmerini, Erica. 2015. “A Legal Perspective on Body Implants for Therapy andEnhancement.” International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 29, no. 2-3:226-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2015.1055664

  48. Pérez Triviño, José Luis. 2016. “El Dopaje Genético, la Ética del Deporte y laSociedad Transhumanista.” IUS ET SCIENTIA 2, no. 2: 54-85. https://doi.org/10.12795/IETSCIENTIA.2016I02.06

  49. Pflanzer, Michael. 2023. “Perspectives of Current FDA Guidance on BCI Technology.”En Policy, Identity, and Neurotechnology, editado por Veljko Dubljevicy Allen Coin, 253-69. Suiza: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26801-4_14

  50. Prodanov, Dimiter y Jean Delbeke. 2016. “Mechanical and Biological Interactionsof Implants with the Brain and Their Impact on Implant Design.” Frontiers inNeuroscience 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2016.00011

  51. Pugh, Jonathan, Laurie Pycroft, Anders Sandberg, Tipu Aziz y Julian Savulescu. 2018.“Brainjacking in Deep Brain Stimulation and Autonomy.” Ethics and InformationTechnology 20, no. 3: 219-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-018-9466-4

  52. Rao, Rajesh P. N., Andrea Stocco, Matthew Bryan, Devapratim Sarma, Tiffany M.Youngquist, Joseph Wu y Chantel S. Prat. 2014. “A Direct Brain-to-Brain Interfacein Humans.” PLoS ONE 9, no. 11. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0111332

  53. Ravanal, Martin de la y Diana Aurenque Stephan. 2018. “Medicalización, Prevencióny Cuerpos Sanos: La Actualidad de Los Aportes de Illich y Foucault.”Tópicos (México) 55, no. 55: 407-37. https://doi.org/10.21555/top.v0i55.914

  54. Redolfi Riva, Eugenio y Silvestro Micera. 2021. “Progress and Challenges of ImplantableNeural Interfaces Based on Nature-Derived Materials.” BioelectronicMedicine 7, no. 1: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/S42234-021-00067-7

  55. Rinklin, Philipp y Bernhard Wolfrum. 2021. “Recent Developments and FuturePerspectives on Neuroelectronic Devices.” Neuroforum 27, no. 4: 213-24. https://doi.org/10.1515/nf-2021-0019

  56. Sandberg, Anders. 2013. “Morphological Freedom - Why We Not Just Want It,but Need It.” En The Transhumanist Reader, editado por More Max y Vita-MoreNatasha, 56-64. Chichester, Inglaterra: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118555927.ch5

  57. Sandberg, Anders. 2021. “Post-Human Design: The Crafted Human Bodyand the Exoself.” Futures: 313-32. https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198806820.013.19

  58. Sandberg, Anders y Nick Bostrom. 2006. “Converging Cognitive Enhancements.”Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1093, no. 1: 201-27. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1382.015

  59. Sandberg, Anders y Antonio Diéguez. 2015. “Looking to the Future of Technologyand Human Being. An Interview with Anders Sandberg.” Contrastes, Revista Internacionalde Filosofía 20, no. 2: 373-90.

  60. Sandberg, Anders y Julian Savulescu. 2014. “The Social and Economic Impactsof Cognitive Enhancement.” Enhancing Human Capacities: 92-112. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444393552.CH6

  61. Sattler, Sebastian, Edward Jacobs, Ilina Singh, David Whetham, Imre Bárd, JonathanMoreno, Gian Galeazzi y Agnes Allansdottir. 2022. “Neuroenhancements in theMilitary: A Mixed-Method Pilot Study on Attitudes of Staff Officers to Ethics andRules.” Neuroethics 15, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12152-022-09490-261. Savulescu, Julian, Anders Sandberg y Guy Kahane. 2014. “Well-Beingand Enhancement.” Enhancing Human Capacities: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444393552.CH1

  62. Starr, Philip A. 2018. “Totally Implantable Bidirectional Neural Prostheses: AFlexible Platform for Innovation in Neuromodulation.” Frontiers in Neuroscience12: 356027. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00619

  63. Stiegler, Bernard. 1994. La Técnica y El Tiempo. Paris: Editions Galilée.

  64. Trimper, John B., Paul Root Wolpe y Karen S. Rommelfanger. 2014. “When ‘I’Becomes ‘We’: Ethical Implications of Emerging Brain-to-Brain InterfacingTechnologies.” Frontiers in Neuroengineering 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/FNENG.2014.00004

  65. Valdés, Giovanni Fernández. 2021. “Transhumanism, Question to Human Nature.”Perseitas 9: 389-421. https://doi.org/10.21501/23461780.3981

  66. Valeriani, Davide, Caterina Cinel y Riccardo Poli. 2019. “Brain-Computer Interfacesfor Human Augmentation.” Brain Sciences 9, no. 2: 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/BRAINSCI9020022

  67. Velásquez, Laity. 2012. “La Relación Médico-Paciente: una Aproximación al Problemade la Autonomía.” Revista Colombiana de Bioética 7, no. 1: 163-71. https://doi.org/10.18270/rcb.v7i1.808

  68. Vetere, Gisella, Lina M. Tran, Sara Moberg, Patrick E. Steadman, Leonardo Restivo,Filomene G. Morrison, Kerry J. Ressler, Sheena A. Josselyn y Paul W.Frankland. 2019. “Memory Formation in the Absence of Experience.” NatureNeuroscience 22, no. 6: 933-40. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0389-0

  69. Warwick, Kevin. 2016. “Transhumanism: Some Practical Possibilities.” FifF Kommunikation2: 24-7. https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/transhumanism-some-practical-possibilities-2

  70. Willett, Francis R., Donald T. Avansino, Leigh R. Hochberg, Jaimie M. Hendersony Krishna V. Shenoy. 2021. “High-Performance Brain-to-Text Communicationvia Handwriting.” Nature 593, no. 7858: 249-54. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03506-2

  71. Yan, Wen-Wen, Li-Hua Yao, Chong Chen, Hai-Xia Wang, Chu-Hua Li, Jun-NiHuang, Peng Xiao y Cheng-Yi Liu. 2015. “Effects of Modafinil on BehavioralLearning and Hippocampal Synaptic Transmission in Rats.” International NeurourologyJournal 19, no. 4: 220-27. https://doi.org/10.5213/inj.2015.19.4.220

  72. Zehr, E. Paul. 2015. “The Potential Transformation of Our Species by Neural Enhancement.”Journal of Motor Behavior 47, no. 1: 73-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2014.916652




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com