medigraphic.com
ISSN 1684-1824 (Electronic)

2022, Number 1

<< Back Next >>

Rev Méd Electrón 2022; 44 (1)

Metabolic syndrome: A factor of risk in patient of COVID-19

Rufín-Gómez LÁ, Martínez-Morejón A, Rufín-Bergado AM, Méndez-Martínez J

Language: Spanish
References: 48
Page: 142-154
PDF size: 882.22 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Metabolic syndrome comprises a set of cardiovascular risk factors tightly associated to obesity and insulin resistance that propitiates cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Its prevalence raises around the world, causing a pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory status which in the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic worsens the clinical characteristics of the patients. The objective was to analyze the current status of the scientific knowledge in the research on the interrelation between the metabolic disorders associated to proinflammatory condition, exacerbated in COVID-19 patients. Several combinations of descriptors were used in the review in PubMed, SciELO, Clinical Key and LILACS database, and the most recent articles were considered for the analysis and redaction. In the scientific literature a relevant role is attributed to the proinflammatory process that characterizes the metabolic syndrome manifestation as a risk factor, and in the complications in COVID-19 patients. The high and increasing prevalence worldwide of obesity, hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus-which are part of metabolic syndrome-indicates that they have not been given special attention; moreover, due to the inflammatory processes inherent in it and its lethal effects.


REFERENCES

  1. Jiang X, Coffee M, Bari A, et al. Towards an artificial intelligence framework for data-driven prediction of coronavirus clinical severity. Comput Mater Continua [Internet]. 2020 [citado 19/07/2020];62:537-51. Disponible en: Disponible en: https://www.techscience.com/cmc/v63n1/38464

  2. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention. J Am Med Assoc. 2020;323(13):1239-42. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32091533.

  3. Verity R, Okell LC, Dorigatti I, et al. Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a model-based analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(6):669-77. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32240634.

  4. Grasselli G, Pesenti A, Cecconi M. Critical care utilization for the COVID-19 outbreak in Lombardy, Italy: early experience and forecast during an emergency response. J Am Med Assoc. 2020;323(16):1545-6. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32167538.

  5. Liu Y, Yan LM, Wan L, et al. Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(6):656-7. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32199493.

  6. Liu K, Fang YY, Deng Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(9):1025-31. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32044814.

  7. Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1775-6. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32203977.

  8. Leisegang K, Henkel R, Agarwal A. Obesity and metabolic syndrome associated with systemic inflammation and the impact on the male reproductive system. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2019;82(5):e13178. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 31373727.

  9. Liu B, Li M, Zhou Z, et al. Can we use interleukin-6 (IL-6) blockade for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced cytokine release syndrome (CRS)? J Autoimmun. 2020;102452. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32291137.

  10. Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, et al. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the perspectives of clinical immunologists from china. Clin Immunol. 2020;214:108393. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32222466.

  11. Feng H, Yu D, Weina L. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): What We Know? J Med Virol. 2020 Jul;92(7):719-25. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32170865.

  12. Singhal T. Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian J Pediatr. 2020;87:281-6. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32166607.

  13. Forrester Steven J, Kikuchi Daniel S, Hernandez Marina S, et al. Reactive oxygen species in metabolic and inflammatory signaling. Circ Res. 2018;122:877-902. Citado en PubMed; PMID:29700084.

  14. Driggin E, Madhavan MV, Bikdeli B, et al. Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers and health systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. Jam Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(18):2352-71. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32201335.

  15. Guan GW, Gao L, Wang JW, et al. Exploring the mechanism of liver enzyme abnormalities in patients with novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2020;28(2):100-6. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32077659.

  16. Lake MA. What We Know So Far: COVID-19 Current Clinical Knowledge and Research. Clin Med (Lond.) 2020;20(2):124-7. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32139372.

  17. Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):21. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32171062.

  18. Rhee SY, Kim YS. The role of advanced glycation end products in diabetic vascular complications. Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42:188-95. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 29885110.

  19. Sies H. Hydrogen peroxide as a central redox signaling molecule in physiological oxidative stress: oxidative eustress. Redox Biology. 2017;11:613-9. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 28110218.

  20. Moldogazieva NT, Mokhosoev IM, Feldman NB, et al. ROS and RNS signalling: adaptive redox switches through oxidative/nitrosative protein modifications. Free Radic Res. 2018;52(5):507-43. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 29589770.

  21. Lévy E, Banna N, Baïlle D, et al. Causative Links between Protein Aggregation and Oxidative Stress: A Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:3896. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 31405050.

  22. Damiano S, Muscariello E, La Rosa G, et al. Dual Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Muscle Function: Can Antioxidant Dietary Supplements Counteract Age-Related Sarcopenia? Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(15):3815. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 31387214.

  23. Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, et al. Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:757-77. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 29731617.

  24. Yaribeygi H, Sathyapalan T, Atkin SL, et al. Molecular Mechanisms Linking Oxidative Stress and Diabetes Mellitus. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:8609213. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32215179.

  25. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020 Mar 28;395(10229):1054-62. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32171076.

  26. Stolarczyk E. Adipose tissue inflammation in obesity: A metabolic or immune response? Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2017;37:35-40. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 28843953.

  27. Leisegang K, Henkel R, Agarwal A. Obesity and metabolic syndrome associated with systemic inflammation and the impact on the male reproductive system. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2019;82(5):e13178. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 31373727.

  28. Saklayen MG. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(2):12. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 29480368.

  29. Del Campo JA, Gallego P, Grande L. Role of inflammatory response in liver diseases: Therapeutic strategies. World J Hepatol. 2018;10(1):1-7. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 29399273.

  30. Lee HA, Choi EJ, Park B, et al. The association between metabolic components and markers of inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction in adolescents, based on the Ewha Birth and Growth Cohort Study. PloS One. 2020 May 20;15(5):e0233469. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32433661.

  31. Pal R, Bhansali A. COVID-19, diabetes mellitus and ACE2: the conundrum. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;162:108132. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32234504.

  32. Dietz W, Santos-Burgoa C. Obesity and its implications for COVID-19 mortality. Obesity. 2020;28(6). Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32237206.

  33. Gupta R, Ghosh A, Singh AK, et al. Clinical considerations for patients with diabetes in times of COVID-19 epidemic. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(3):211-2. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32172175.

  34. Muniyappa R, Gubbi S. COVID-19 pandemic, coronaviruses, and diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2020;318(5). Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32228322.

  35. International Diabetes Federation. COVID-19 and Diabetes [Internet]. Brussels: IDF; 2020 [citado 09/07/2020]. Disponible en: Disponible en: https://www.idf.org/aboutdiabetes/what-is-diabetes/

  36. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas [Internet]. Brussels: IDF ; 2019 [citado 09/07/2020]. Disponible en: Disponible en: https://www.diabetesatlas.org/en/resources/

  37. Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci. 2020; 12:8. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32094336.

  38. COVID-19 Surveillance Group. Characteristics of COVID-19 patients dying in Italy. Report based on available data on March 20, 2020 [Internet]. Roma: Instituto Superiore di Sanità; 2020 [citado 09/07/2020]. Disponible en: Disponible en: https://www.epicentro.iss.it/en/coronavirus/sars-cov-2-analysis-of-deaths

  39. Graus-Nunes F, Souza-Mello V. The renin-angiotensin system as a target to solve the riddle of endocrine pancreas homeostasis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;109:639-45. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 30404071.

  40. Zhang C, Shi L, Wang FS. Liver injury in COVID-19: management and challenges. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(5):428-30. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32145190.

  41. Zhang Y, Zheng L, Liu L, et al. Liver impairment in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective analysis of 115 cases from a single center in Wuhan city, China. Liver Int. 2020;40(9):2095-2103. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32239796.

  42. Sattar N, Scherbakova O, Ford I, et al. Elevated alanine aminotransferase predicts new-onset type 2 diabetes independently of classical risk factors, metabolic syndrome, and C-reactive protein in the west of Scotland coronary prevention study. Diabetes. 2004;5(11):2855-60. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 15504965.

  43. Mahran HN, Saber LM, Alghaithy AA, et al. The role of elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), FasL and atherogenic dyslipidemia in type II diabetes mellitus. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2017;12(1):8-13. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 31435207.

  44. Mandal A, Bhattarai B, Kafle P, et al. Elevated liver enzymes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cureus. 2018;10(11):e3626. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 30697502.

  45. Durhan NC. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia associated with elevated NKT cell response in COVID-19 patients. Research Square. 2020. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-23607/v1.

  46. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [citado 09/07/2020];395(10223):497-506. Disponible en: Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31986264/

  47. Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, et al. Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures. J Med Virol [Internet]. 2020 [citado 04/08/2020];92:568-76. Disponible en: Disponible en: https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jmv.25748

  48. Ma RCW, Holt RIG. COVID-19 and diabetes. Diabet Med. 2020;37(5):723-5. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 32242990.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com