2003, Number 2
<< Back Next >>
Gac Med Mex 2003; 139 (2)
Physiopathologic Role of TGF-b in Nephropathies of Diverse Etiologies.
García-Sainz JA, Vilchis-Landeros MM, Juárez P, López-Casillas F, Hernández-Pando R, López-Casillas F, Massagué J
Language: Spanish
References: 134
Page: 126-143
PDF size: 176.31 Kb.
Text Extraction
No abstract
REFERENCES
I. El papel fisiopatológico del TGF-β en las nefropatías de diversas etiologías: los inhibidores del TGF-β como agentes terapéuticos potenciales
Escobedo-De la Peña J, Rico-Verdín B. Incidencia y letalidad de las complicaciones agudas y crónicas de la diabetes mellitus en México. Salud Pública de Méx 1996;38:236-242.
Garza R, Medina R, Basu S, Pugh JA. Predictors of the rate of renal function decline in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Nephrol 1997;17:59-67.
Sharma K, Ziyadeh FN. The emerging role of transforming growth factor-b in kidney diseases. Am J Physiol 1994;266: F829-F842.
Reeves WB, Andreoli TE. Transforming growth factor b contributes to progressive diabetic nephropathy. Proc Natl. Acad Sci USA 2000;97:7667-7669.
Massagué J. The transforming growth factor-b famiiy. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1990;6:597-641.
Roberts AB, Sporn MB. Physiological actions and clinical applications of transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b). Growth Factors 1993;8:1-9.
Massagué J, Blain SW, Lo RS. TGFb signaling in growth control, cancer, and heritable disorders. Cell 2000;103:295-309.
Letterio JL, Roberts AB. Regulation of the immune response by TGF-b. Annu. Rev. lmmunol. 1998;16:137-161.
Shuil MM, Ormsby I, Kier AB, et al. Targeted disruption of the mouse transforming growth factor-bl gene results in multifocal inflammatory response. Nature 1992;359:693-699.
Kuíkarni AB, Karisson S. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 knockout mice. A mutation in one cytokine gene causes a dramatic inflammatory disease. Am J Pathol 1993;143:3-9.
Sanford LP, Ormsby I, Gittenberger-de Groot A, et al. TGFb2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non overiapping with other TGFb knockout phenotypes. Development 1997;124:2659-2670.
Kaartinen V, Voncken JW, Shuier C, et al. Abnormal lung development and cleft palate in mice lacking TGF-b3 indicates defects in epithelial-mesenchymal interaction. Nature Genet 1995;11:415-421.
Border WA, Ruoslahti E. Transforming growth factor-b in disease: the dark side of tissue repair. J Clin lnvest 1992;90:1-7.
Wahi SM. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-b) in inflammation: a cause and a cure. J Clin lmmunol 1992;12:61-74.
Munger JS, Harpel JG, Gleizes P-E, Mazzieri R, Nunes I, Rifkin DB. Latent transforming growth factor-b: structural features and mechanisms of activation. Kidney Int 1997;51: 1376-1382.
Murphy-Ulirich JE, Poczatek M. Activation of latent TGF-b by thrombospondin-l: mechanisms and physiology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2000;11:59-69.
Crawford SE, Stelimach V, Murphy-Ulirich JE, et al. Thrombospondin-1 is a major activator of TGF-b1 in vivo. Cell 1998; 93:1159-1170.
Ribeiro SMF, Poczatek M, Schultz-Cherry S, Villain M, Murphy-Ulirich JE. The activation sequence of thrombospondin-1 interacts with the latency-associated peptide to regulate activation of latent Transforming Growth Factor-b. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:13586-13593.
Munger JS, Huang X, Kawakatsu H, et al. The integrin avb6 binds and activates latent TGFb1: a mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Cell 1999; 96:319-328.
Ciark DA, Coker R. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). lnt J Biochem Cell Biol 1998;30:293-8.
Massagué J. TGF-b signal transduction. Annu Rev Biochem 1998 67:753-791.
Massagué J, Chen Y-G. Controlling TGF-b signalling. Genes Dev 2000;14:627.
Massagué J. How cells read TGF-b signals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2000;1:169-178.
Piek E, Heidin C-H, ten Dijke P. Specificity, diversity and regulation in TGF-b superfamily signaling. FASEB J 1999;13:2105-2124.
Wrana JL. Regulation of Smad activity. Cell 2000;100:189-192.
Hayashi H, Abdollah S, Qui Y, et al. The MAD-related protein Smad7 associates with the TGFP receptor and functions as an antagonist of TGFb signaling. Cell 1997; 89:1165-1173.
Nakao A, Afrakhte M, Moren A, et al. Identification of Smad7. a TGFb-inducible antagonist of TGF-b signaling. Nature 1997;389:631-635.
Biobe GC, Schiemann WP, Lodish HF. Role of Transforming Growth Factor b in Human Disease. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1350-1358.
López-Casillas F. El TGF-b (Transforming Growth Factor tipo beta), piedra angular en la nefropatía diabética. Rev Invest Clin 2000;52:487-490.
Lang F, Kiingel K, Wagner CA, et al. Deranged transcriptional regulation of celivolume-sensitive kinase HSGK in diabetic nephropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:8157-8162.
Border WA, Okuda S, Languino LR, Spom MB, Ruoslahti E. Suppression of experimental glomerulonephritis by antiserum against transforming growth factor bl. Nature 1990;346:371-374.
Sharma K, Jin Y, Guo J, Ziyadeh FN. Neutralization of TGF-b by anti-TGF-b antibody attenuates kidney hypertrophy and enhanced extracellular matrix gene expression in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Diabetes 1996;45:522-530.
Ziyadeh FN, Hoffi-nan BB, Han DC, et al. Long-term prevention of renal insufficiency, excess matrix gene expression, and glomerular messangial matrix expansion by treatment with monoclonal antitransforming growth factor-b antibody in db/db diabetic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97:8015-8020.
Yamamoto T, Nakamura T, Noble NA, Ruoslahti E, Border WA. Expression of transforming growth factor b is elevated in human and experimental diabetic nephropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:1814-1818.
Sharma K, Ziyadeh FN, Alzahabi B, et al. Increased renal production of transforming growth factor-bl in patients with type II diabetes. Diabetes 1997;46:854-859.
Border WA, Noble NA, Yamamoto T, et al. Natural inhibitor of transforming growth factor-b protects against scarring in experimental kidney disease. Nature 1992;360:361-364.
Isaka Y, Brees DK, lkegaya K, et al. Gene therapy by skeletal muscle expression of decorin prevents fibrotic disease in rat kidney. Nat Med 1996;2:418-23.
Koib M, Margetts PJ, Galt T, et al. Transient transgene expression of decorin in the lung reduces the fibrotic response to bleomycin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:770-7.
Takeuchi Y, Kodama Y, Matsumoto T. Bone matrix decorin binds transforming growth factor-beta and enhances its bioactivity. J Biol Chem 1994;269:32634-8.
Iozzo RV, Moscatello DK, McQuillan DJ, Eichstetter I. Decorin is a biological ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem 1999;274:4489-4492.
Lin HY, Moustakas A, Knaus P, Weiis RG, Henis Yl, Lodish HF. The soluble exoplasmic domain of the type II transforming growth factor (TGF)-b receptor. J Biol Chem 1995;270:2747-2754.
George J, Roulot D, Koteliansky VE, Bissell DM. In vivo inhibition of rat stellate cell activaron by soluble transforming growth factor beta type II receptor: a potencial new therapy for hepatic fibrosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:12719-12724.
Isaka Y, Akagi Y, Ando Y, et al. Gene therapy by transforming growth factor-beta receptor-IgG Fc chimera suppressed extracellular matrix accumulation in experimental glomerulonephritis. Kidney lnt 1999;55:465-475.
Böttinger EP, Factor VM, Tsang MLS, et al. The recombinant proregion of transforming growth factor bl (Latency-associated peptide) inhibits active transforming growth factor b1 in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:5877-5882.
Huang SS, Liu Q, Johnson FE, Konish Y, Huang JS. Transforming growth factor beta peptide antagonists and their conversion to partial agonists. J Biol Chem 1997;272:27155-27159.
Hugo CPM, Pichler RP, Schuize-Lohoff E, et al. Thrombospondin peptides are potent inhibitors of messangial and glomerular endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Vjdney Int 1999;55:2236-2249.
Akagi Y, lsaka Y, Aral M, et al. Inhibition of TGF-beta 1 expression by antisense oligonucleotides suppressed extracellular matrix accumulation in experimental glomerulonephritis. Kidney lnt 1996;50:148-55.
Armendariz-Borunda J, LeGros L, Jr., Campollo O, Panduro A, Rincon AR. Antisense S-oligodeoxynucleotides down-regulate TGFbeta-production by Kupffer cells from CCI4-injured rat livers. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997;1353:241-252.
Isaka Y, Tsujie M, Ando Y, et al. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides block interstitial fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction. Kidney fnt 2000;58:1885-92.
Han DC, Hoffman BB, Hong SW, Guo J, Ziyadeh FN. Therapy with antisense TGF-betal oligodeoxynucleotides reduces kidney weight and matrix mRNAs in diabetic mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2000;278:F628-34.
Nakao A, Fujii M, Matsumara R, et al. Transient gene transfer and expression of Smad7 prevents bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice. J Clin lnvest 1999;104:5-11.
Laping NJ, Grygielko E, Mathur A, et al. Inhibftion of TGF-beta 1-induced extracellular matrix wfth a novel selective inhibitor of the TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12:595A.
Druker BJ, Talpaz M, Resta DJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1031-1037.
López-Casillas F, Wrana JL, Massagué J. Betaglycan presents ligand to the TGF-b signaling receptor. Cell 1993;73:1435-1444.
Headlines. Receptor of the third kind. Trends in Cell Biol 1993;3:334.
López-Casillas F, Cheifetz S, Doody J, Andrés JL, Lane WS, Massagué J. Structure and expression of the membrane proteoglycan betaglycan, a component of the TGF-b receptor system. Cell 1991;67:785-795.
Ponce-Castañeda MV, Esparza-López J, Vilchis-Landeros MM, Mendoza R. V, López-Casillas F. Murine betaglycan primary structure, expression and glycosaminoglycan attachment sites. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998;1384:189-196.
López-Casillas F, Payne HM, Andrés JL, Massagué J. Betaglycan can act as dual modulator of TGF-b access to signaling receptors: mapping of ligand binding and GAG attachment sites. J Cell Biol 1994;124:557-568.
Esparza-López J, Montiel JL, Vilchis-Landeros MM, Okadome T, Miyazono K, López-Casillas F. Ligand binding and functional properties of betaglycan, a coreceptor of transforming growth factor-b superfamily. Specialized binding regions for transforming growth factor-o and inhibin. A J Biol Chem 2001;276:14588-4596.
Andres J, DeFalcis D, Noda M, Massagué J. Binding of two growth factor families to separate domains of the proteoglycan betaglycan. J Biol Chem 1992;267:5927-5930.
Lewis KA, Gray PC, Blount AL, et al. Betaglycan binds inhibin and can mediate functional antagonism of activin signaling. Nature 2000;404:411-414.
Bernard DJ, Chapman SC, Woodruff TK. Inhibin binding protein (inhBPlp/2O), betaglycan, and the continuing search for the inhibin receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2002;16:207-212.
Andres JL, Stanley K, Cheifetz S, Massagué J. Membrane-anchored and soluble forms of betaglycan, a polymorphic proteoglycan that binds transforming growth factor-b. J Cell Biol 1989;109:3137-3145.
Arribas J, López-Casillas F, Massagué J. Role of juxtamembrane domains of the transforming growth factor-a precursor and the b-amyloid protein in the regulated ectodomain shedding. J Biol Chem 1997;272:17160-17165.
Vilchis-Landeros MM, Montiel JL, Mendoza V, Mendoza-Hemández G, López-Casillas F. Recombinant soluble betaglycan is a potent and isoform-selective transforming growth factor-b neutralizing agent. Biochem J 2001;355:215-222.
Attisano L, Wrana JL, López-Casillas F, Massagué J. TGF-b receptors and actions. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994;1222:71-80.
López-Casillas F, Vilchis-Landeros MM, Mendoza M, Aguilar-Leon D, Hemández-Pando R. Anti-thymocyte serum-induced glomerulonephritis is prevented by recombinant soluble betaglycan, an inhibitor of Transforming Growth Factor-b. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12:684A.
Bandyopadhyay A, Lopez Casillas F, Malik SN, Montiel JL, Mendoza V, Yang J, Sun L-Z. Antitumor activity of recombinant soluble betaglycan in human breast cancer xenograft. Cancer Research 2002;62:4690-4695.
II. Participación del factor de transformación tumoral- en la regulación de la inflamación y la respuesta inmunológica
Wahl SM. Transforming growth factor beta: the good, the bad and the ugly. J Exp Med 1994;180:1587-90.
Letterio JJ, Roberts AB. Regulation of immune response by TGFb. Annu Rev Immunol 1998;16:137-61.
Wahl SM, Mc Cartney-Francis N, Mergenhagen ES. Inflammatory and immunomodulatory release of TGF-b. Immunol Today 1989:10:258-262.
Wahl Sm, Hunt DA, Wakefield LM, Mc Cartney-Francis N, Wahl LM, Roberts AB, Sporn MB. Transforming growth factor beta induces monocyte chemotaxis and growth factor production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1987;84:5788-5792.
McCartney-Francis N, Mizel D, Wong L, Whal L, Whal S. TGF-b regulates production of growth factors and TGF-b by human peripheral blood monocytes. Growth Factors 1990;4:27-35.
Wahl SM. Transforming growth factor beta in inflammation: a cause and a cure. J Clin Immunol 1992;12:61-68.
Kim SJ, Angel P, Lafyatis R, Hattori K, Kim KY, Sporn MB, Karin M, Roberts AB. Autoinduction of transforming growth factor beta is mediated by the AP-1 complex. Mol Cell Biol 1990;10:1492-1495.
Tsunawaki S, Sporn M, Ding A, Nathan C. Deactivation of macrophages by transforming growth factor beta. Nature 1988;334:260-262.
Sporn M, Roberts AB. Autocrine secretion-10 years later. Ann Int Med 1992;117:408-414.
Kehrl JH, Wakefield LM, Robert AB, Jakowlew S, Alvarez-Mon M, Derynck R, Sporn M, Fauci AS. Production of transforming growth factor beta by human T lymphocytes and its potential role in the regulation of T cell growth. J Exp Med 1986;163: 037-50.
Inge TH, Mc Coy KE, Susskind BM, Barret SK, Zhao G, Bear HD. Immunomodulatory effects of transforming growth factor beta on T lymphocytes. Induction of CD-8 expression in the CTLL-2 cell line in normal thymocytes. J Immunol 1992;148: 3847-53.
Lomo J, Blomhof HK, Beiske K, Stokke T, Smeland EB. TGF-bl and cyclic AMP promotes apoptosis in resting human B lymphocytes. J Immunol 1995;154:1634-43.
Czarniecki CW, Chiu HH, Wong GH, Mc Cabe SM, Palladino MA. Transforming growth factor beta I modulars the expression of class II histocompatibility antigens on human cells. J Immunol 1988;140:4217-4232.
Tumer M, Chantry D, Katsikis T, Berger A, Brennan FM, Feldman M. Induction of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist protein by transforming growth factor beta. J Immunol 1991;21:1635-1639.
Ranges GE, Figari IS, Espevik T, Palladino MA. Inhibition of cytotoxic T cell development by transforming growth factor beta and reversal by recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Exp Med 1987;166:991-999.
Pinson DM, Le Claire RD, Lorsbach RB, Parmely MJ, Russell R. Regulation by transforming growth factor beta-1 of expression and function of the receptor for INF gamma on mouse macrophages. J Immunol 1992;149:2028-2038.
Vodovotz Y, Bogdan C. Control of nitric oxide synthase expression by transforming growth factor beta: implications for homeostasis. Prog Growth Factor Res 1994;5:341-351.
Schmitt E, Hoehn P, Hueis C, Goedert S, Palm N, Rude E, Germann T. T helper type 1 development of naive CD-4 T cells requires the coordinated action of interleukin 12 and interferon gamma and is inhibited by transforming growth factor beta. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:793-798.
Strober W, Kelsali B, Fuss I, Marth T, Ludviksson B, Ehrhardt R, Neurath M. Reciprocal IFN gamma and TGF-b responses regulate the occurrence of mucosal inflammation. Immunol Today 1997;18:61-64.
Maeda Y, Kuwahara H, Ichimura Y, Ohtsuki M, Kurakata S, Shirahishi A. TGFb enhances macrophage ability to produce IL-10 in normal and tumor bearing mice. J Immunol 1995;15:4926-4932.
Fukaura H, Kent SC, Pietrusewicz MJ, Khoury SJ, Weiner HL, Haffer DA. Induction of circulating myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein-specific transforming growth factor beta-1 secreting Th-3 cells by oral administration of myelin in multiple sclerosis patients. J Clin Invest 1996;98: 70-77.
Tossi Z, Ellner J. The role of TGFb in the pathogenesis of human tuberculosis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1998;87:107-114.
Shull MM, Ormsby I, Kier AB, Pawloski S, Diebold R, Yin M, Alien R, Sidman C, Proetzel G, Calvin D. Targeted disruption of the mouse transforming growth factor beta 1 gene results in multifocal inflammatory disease. Nature 1992;359:693-99.
Barral Netto M, Barral A, Brownell CE, Skeiki YA, Ellingsworth LR, Twardzic DR, Reed SG. Transforming growth factor beta in leishmanial infection; a parasite escape mechanism. Science 1992;257:545-48.
Gazzinelli RT, Oswald IP, Hieny S, James SL, Sher A. The microbicidal activity of interferon gamma treated macrophages against Trypanosoma cruzi, involves an L-arginine-dependent, nitrogen oxide-mediated mechanism inhabitable by interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor beta. Eur J Immunol 1992;22:2501-06.
Barral Neto M, Barral A, Brodskyn C, Carvalho EM. Cytotoxicity in human mucosal and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 1995,17:21-28.
King CL, Mahanty S, Kumarasawami V, Abrams JS, Regunthan J, Jeyamaran K, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB. Cytokine control of parasite specific anergy in human lymphatic filariasis. J Clin Invest 1993,92:1667-1673.
Lotz M, Seth P. TGF beta and HIV. Annu NY Acad Sci 1993,685:501-511.
Maltman J, Pargnell IB, Graham GJ. Specificity and reciprocity in the interactions between TGF- and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 -alpha. J Immunol 1996;156: 1566-1571.
Rook GAW, Hemández Pando R. The pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Annu Rev Microbiol 1996;:50:259-284.
Hernández Pando R, Orozco EH, Arriaga K, Sampieri A, Larriva Sahd J, Madrid MV. Analysis of the local kinetics and localization of interleukin 1 alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha and transforming growth factor beta during the course of experimental pulmonary tuberculosis. Immunology 1997;90:607-17.
Hirsch C, Ellner J, Blinkhom R, Tossi Z. In vitro restoration of T cell responses in tuberculosis and augmentation of monocyte effector function against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by natural inhibitors of transforming growth factor beta. Proc Natl Acad Scien 1997;94:3926-3931.
Shevaen EM. CD4 + CD25 + suppressor T cells more questions than answers. Nat Rev Immunol 2002;2:389-400.
III. TGF-β: receptores, señales y acciones
1 . Massagué J. The transforming growth factor-p family. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1990;6:597-641.
Kingsley DM. The TGF-b superfamily: new members, new receptors, and new genetics tests of function in different organisms. Genes Dev 1994;8:133-146.
Massagué J, Blain SW, Lo RS. TGFb signaling in growth control, cancer, and heritable disorders. Cell 2000;103:295-309.
Biobe GC, Schiemann WP, Lodish HF. Role of transforming growth factor P in human disease. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1350-1358.
Massagué J. TGF-b signal transduction. Annu Rev Biochem 1998;67:753-791.
Massagué J, Chen Y-G. Controlling TGF-b signaling. Genes Dev 2000;14:627-644.
Massagué J. How cells read TGF-b signals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2000;1:169-178.
Wrana JL. Regulation of Smad activity. Cell 2000; 100:189-192.
Massagué J, Attisano L, Wrana JL. The TGF-b family and its composite receptors. Trends Cell Biol 1994;4:172-178.
Wrana JL, Attisano L, Wieser R, Ventura F, Massagué J. Mechanism of activation of the TGF-b receptor. Nature 1994;370:341-347.
Huse M, Muir TW, Xu L, Chen Y-G, Kuriyan J, Massagué J. The TGFb receptor activation process: an inhibitor- to substrate binding switch. Mol Cells 2001;8:671-682.
Macías-Silva M, Abdollah S, Hoodiess PA, Pirone R, Attisano L, Wrana JL. MADR2 is a substrate of the TGFb receptor and its phosphorylation is required for nuclear accumulation and signaling. Cell 1996; 87:1215-1224.
Tsukazaki T, Chiang TA, Davison AF, Attisano L, Wrana JL. SARA, a FYVE domain protein that recruits Smad2 to the TGFbeta receptor. Cell 1998; 95:779-91.
Xu L, Chen YG, Massague J. The nuclear import function of Smad2 is masked by SARA and unmasked by TGFbeta-dependent phosphorylation. Nat Cell Biol 2000-2:559-62.
Nako A, Afrakhte M, Moren A, et al. Identification of Smad7. a TGFb-inducible antagonist of TGF-b signaling. Nature 1997;389:631-635.
Laiho M, Weis FMB, Massagué J. Concomitant loss of transforming growth factor-b receptor types I and II in cell mutants resistant to TGF-b. J. Biol Chem 1990; 265:18518-18524.
Laiho M, Weis FMB, Boyd FT, Ignotz RA, Massagué J. Responsiveness to transforming growth factor-p restored by complementation between cells detective in TGF-b receptors I and ll. J Biol Chem 1991;266:9108-9112.
Seoane J, Pouponnot C, Stalier P, Schader M, Eilers M, Massague J. TGFbeta influences Myc, Miz-1 and Smad to control the CDK inhibitor pl5iNK4b. Nat Cell Biol 2001;3:400-8.
Hata A, Seoane J, Lagna G, Montalvo E, Hemmati-Brivanlou A, Massague J. OAZ uses distinct DNA- and protein-binding zinc fingers in separate BMP- Smad and Olf signaling pathways. Cell 2000;100:229-40.
Gripp KW, Wotton D, Edwards MC, et al. Mutations in TGIF cause holoprosencephaly and link NODAL signaling to human neural axis determination. Nat Genet 2000;25:205-8.
Lo RS, Wotton D, Massague J. Epidermal growth factor signaling via Ras controls the Smad transcriptional co-repressor TGIF. Embo J 2001;20:128-36.
Hahn SA, Schutte M, Hoque ATMS, et al. DPC4, a candidate tumor suppressor gene at human chromosome 18q2l. l. Science 1996;271:350-353.
Nurse P. A long twentieth century of the cell cycle and beyond. Cell 2000;100:71-78.
Murray A, Hunt T. The Cell Cycle, an introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, lnc., 1993.
Sherr CJ, Roberts JM. CDK inhibitors: positive and negative regulators od Glphase progression. Genes Dev 1999;13:1501-1512.
Warner BJ, Blain SW, Seoane J, Massague J. Myc down regulation by transforming growth factor beta required for activation of the pl5(Ink4b) G(l) arrest pathway. Mol Cell Biol 1999;19:5913-22.
Chen C-R, Kang Y, Siegel PM, Massague J. E2F4/5 and p107 as Smad cofactors linking the TGFb receptor to c-myc repression. Cell 2002;110:19-32.