medigraphic.com

2023, Number 3

<< Back Next >>

Rev Mex Anest 2023; 46 (3)

The embrace of the people to their expression in life and art

Suárez-Morales M, Mendoza-Popoca CÚ, Carrillo-Esper R

Language: Spanish
References: 51
Page: 216-225
PDF size: 376.94 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Confinement and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic limited close physical contact, especially close ones, of which hugs stand out. The social impact of emptiness and affective isolation still endures. The hug is an innate affective response of the human being that is expressed in different circumstances. It originates from different brain regions, ranging from limbic to cortical, in which a complex interaction between afferents, signaling systems, and neurotransmitters is intertwined, conditioning a neurohormonal response with multisystem impact. The hug goes beyond this complex substrate, it represents the sublimation of the merely anatomical and physiological, to the affective manifestation of the human spirit. The objective of this brief essay is to put to your consideration the neuroscientific bases of the hug and its expression in the complexity of life and art.


REFERENCES

  1. Wong DL, Tai TC, Wong-Faull DC, et al. Epinephrine: a short and long-term regulator of stress and development of illness. Cel Mil Neurobiol. 2012;32:7373-48.

  2. Sugama S, Kakinuna Y. Noradrenaline as a key neurotransmitter in modulating microglial activation in stress response. Neurochem Int. 2021;143:104943.

  3. Godoy LD, Rossignoli MT, Delfino-Pereira P, et al. A comprehensive overview on stress neurobiology: basic concepts and clinical implications. Front Behav Neurosci. 2018;12:127.

  4. Muscari I, Fierabracci A, Adorsio S, et al. Glucocorticoids and natural killer cells. A suppressive relationship. Biochem Pharmacol. 2022;198:114930.

  5. Avgerinos KA, Spyrou N, Mantzoros CS, Dalamaga M. Obesity and cancer risk: Emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives. J Metabol. 2019;92:121-135.

  6. Iob E, Steptoe A. Cardiovascular disease and hair cortisol: a novel biomarker of chronic stress. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2019;21:116.

  7. Meijer OC, Buurstede JC, Schaaf MJM. Corticosteroid receptors in the brain: Transcriptional mechanisms for specificity and context-dependent effects. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2019;39:539-549.

  8. Verkhratsky A, Nedergarrd M. Physiology of astroglia. Physiol Rev. 2018;98:239-389.

  9. Colonna M, Butovsky O. Microglia function in the central nervous system during health and neurodegeneration. Annual Review of Immunology. 2017;35:441-468.

  10. Shi MY, Ding LF, Guo YH, et al. Long range GABAergic projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract. Mol Brain. 2021;14:38.

  11. Myers B, Dolgas M, Kasckow J, et al. Central stress-integrative circuits: forebrain glutamatergic and GABAergic projections to the dorsomedial hypothalamus, medial preoptic area and bed nucleus of stria terminalis. Brain Struct Funct, 2014;219:1287-1303.

  12. Levone BR, Cryan JF, O'Leary OF. Role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in stress resilience. Neurobiology of stress. 2015;1:147-155.

  13. Jones KR, Myers B, Herman JP. Stimulation of the prelimbic cortex differentially modulates neuroendocrine responses to psychogenic and systemic stressors. Physiol Behav. 2011;104:266-271.

  14. Jacobs DS, Moghaddam B. Medial prefrontal cortex encoding of stress and anxiety. International Review of Neurobiology. 2021;158:29-55.

  15. Ueyema T. Neuroanatomy of stress responses. Advances in Neuroimmune Biology. 2013;4:13-33.

  16. Zhang W, Zhang J, Holmes A, Pan B. Amygdala circuit substrates for stress adaptation and adversity. Biopsych. 2021;89:847-856.

  17. Herman JP, Nawreen N, Smail MA, Cotella EM. Brain mechanisms of HPA axis regulation: neurocircuitry and feedback in context Richard Kvetnansky lecture. Stress. 2020;23(6):617-632.

  18. Walter MH, Abele H, Plappert CF. The role of oxytocin and the effect of stress during childbirth: neurobiological basics and implications for mother and child. 2021 Front Endocrinol. doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.742236.

  19. Jurek B, Neumann ID. The oxytocin receptor: from intracellular signaling to behavior. 2018. doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00031.2017.

  20. Grinevich V, Neumann ID. Brain Oxytocin. How puzzle stones from animal studies translate into psychiatry. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26:265-279.

  21. Bulbul M, Babygirija R, Cerjak D, et al. Hypothalamic oxytocin attenuates CRF expression via GABA (A) receptors in rats. Brain Res. 2011;1387:39-45.

  22. Winter J, Jurek B. The interplay between oxytocin and the CRF system: regulation of the stress response. Cell Tissue Res. 2019;375:8591.

  23. Knobloch HS, Charlet A, Hoffman LC, Eliava M, et al. Evoked axonal oxytocin release in the central amygdala attenuates fear response. Neuron. 2012;73:553-566.

  24. Kuchenbecker YS, Pressman SD, Celniker J, et al. Oxytocin, cortisol, and cognitive control during acute and naturalistic stress. Stress. 2021;24:370-383.

  25. Cohen H, Kaplan Z, Kozlovsky N, et al. Hippocampal micro infusion of oxytocin attenuates the behavioral response to stress by means of dynamic interplay with the glucocorticoid responses. J Neuroendocrinol. 2010; 22:889-904.

  26. Matsushita H, Min-Latt H, Koga Y, et al. Oxytocin and stress: neural mechanisms, stress-related disorders and therapeutic approaches. Neuroscience. 2019;417:1-10.

  27. Li K, Nakajima M, Ibañez-Tallon I, et al. A cortical circuit for sexually dimorphic oxytocin-dependent anxiety behaviors. Cell. 2016;167:60-72.

  28. Sobota R, Mihara T, Forrest A, et al. Oxytocin reduces amygdala activity, increases social interactions and reduces anxiety-like behavior irrespective of NMDAR antagonism. Behav Neurosci. 2015;129:389-398.

  29. Viviani D, Charlet A, van den Burg E, et al. Oxytocin selective gates fear responses through distinct outputs from the central amygdala. Science. 2011;333:104-107.

  30. Fisher CJ, Yaksh TL, Bruno K, Eddinger KA. Basic science of pain: In: Pangarkar S, Pham QG, Eapen BC, eds. Pain care essentials and innovations. Chapter 1. Cathleen Sether Publisher. 2020, pp. 1-13.

  31. Marshall AG, Sharma ML, Marley K, et al. Spinal signaling of C-fiber mediated pleasant touch in humans. Life. 2019;8:e51642.

  32. Case L, Liljencrantz J, McCall MV, et al. Pleasant deep pressure: expanding the social touch hypothesis. Neuroscience. 2021;464:3-11.

  33. Uvnas-Moberg K, Petersson M. Physiological effects induced by stimulation of cutaneous sensory nerves, with a focus on oxytocin. Curr Opi Behav Sci. 2022;43:159-166.

  34. Pilozzi A, Carro C, Huang X. Roles of β-endorphin in stress, behavior, neuroinflammation and brain energy metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:338.

  35. Dunbar RIM. The social role of touch in humans and primates: Behavioral function and neurobiological mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2010;34:260-268.

  36. Uddin LQ, Nomi JS, Seropian BH,Ghaziri J, Boucher O. Structure and function of the human insula. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;34:300-306.

  37. Zhang Y, Zhoou W, Wang S, Zhou Q, et al. The roles of subdivisions of human insula in emotion perception and auditory processing. Cereb Cortex. 2019;29:517-528.

  38. Davidovic M, Stark G, Olausson H. Processing of affective and emotionally neutral tactile stimuli in the insular cortex. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2019;35:94-103.

  39. Dagnino-Subiabre A. Resilience to stress and social touch. Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2022;43:7579.

  40. Kirsch L, Besharati S, Papadaki C, et al. Damage to the right insula disrupts the perception of affective touch. eLife. 2020;9: e47895.

  41. Uvnas-Moberg K, Handlin L, Petersson M. Self-soothing behaviors with reference to oxytocin release induced by non-noxious sensory stimulation. Front Psycol. 2015;5:1529.

  42. Fawley JA, Hegarty DM, Aicher SA, Beumont E, Andresen MC. Dedicated C-fiber vagal sensory afferent pathways to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Brain Res. 2021;1769:147625.

  43. Hornung JP. The neuroanatomy of the serotonergic system. En: Müller C, Jacobs B. Eds. Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience. Vol 21 Primera edición. Elsevier 2010. Capítulo 1.3 pags 51-64 .

  44. Charnay Y, Leger L. Brain serotonergic circuitries. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2010;12:471-487.

  45. Yoshida M, Takayanagi Y, Inoue K, et al. Evidence the oxytocin exerts anxiolytic effects via oxytocin receptor expression in serotonergic neurons in mice. J Neurosci. 2009;29:2259-2271.

  46. Chruscicka B, Cowan CSM, Fitzsimons SE, et al. Molecular, biochemical and behavioral evidence for a novel oxytocin receptor and serotonin 2C receptor heterocomplex. Neuropharmacology. 2021;183:108394.

  47. Grieb ZA, Ford EG, Yagan M, et al. Oxytocin receptors in the midbrain dorsal raphe are essential for postpartum maternal social and affective behaviors. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2021;131:105332.

  48. Bystrova K. Novel mechanism of human fetal growth regulation. A potential role of lanugo, vermix caseosa and a second tactile system of unmyelinated low-threshold. C-afferents. Med Hypotheses. 2009;72:143-146.

  49. Strathearn L. Maternal neglect: oxytocin, dopamine and the neurobiology of attachment. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2011;23:1054-1065.

  50. Thomas PA, Kim S. Lost touch? Implications of physical touch for physical health. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Sci. 2021;76:e111-115.

  51. Von Mohr M, Kirsch LP, Fotopoulou A. Social touch deprivation during COVID-19: effects on psychological wellbeing and craving interpersonal touch. R Soc Open Sci. 2021;8:210287.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com