medigraphic.com
Coordinación General de Investigación de la Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición y la Dirección General de Sistemas e Informática de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

2023, Number 2

<< Back Next >>

Rev Salud Publica Nutr 2023; 22 (2)

Barriers and facilitators for the malaria elimination. a narrative review of the literature

Perdomo-Ruiz A, Carrasquilla G, Jiménez-Serna M

Language: Spanish
References: 72
Page: 26-41
PDF size: 481.56 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Introduction: Despite being a preventable and curable disease, malaria continues to be a public health problem. Objective: Identify barriers and facilitators to malaria elimination. Material and method: Between 2019 and 2020, literature available in Pubmed and LILACS databases was reviewed; a matrix was made for the organization and subsequent analysis of the information. Results: In total, 57 articles were selected showing as barriers, the lack of human, technical and economic resources, vector resistance to pharmacological management, parasitic and vector diversity and human mobility between endemic regions. Strategies such as integrated vector management, dynamic stratification of the disease, timely detection and management and adequate epidemiological surveillance were repeatedly mentioned as facilitators. Conclusion: It is necessary to identify the social, epidemiological and political reality at the regional level in order to personalize and sustain elimination strategies.


REFERENCES

  1. Abeyasinghe, R. R., Galappaththy, G. N. L., Gueye, C. S.,Kahn, J. G., & Feachem, R. G. A. (2012). MalariaControl and Elimination in Sri Lanka: DocumentingProgress and Success Factors in a Conflict Setting.PLoS ONE.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043162

  2. Aborode, A. T., David, K. B., Uwishema, O., Nathaniel, A.L., Imisioluwa, J. O., Onigbinde, S. B., & Farooq, F.(2021). Fighting covid-19 at the expense of malaria inAfrica: The consequences and policy options. InAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene(Vol. 104, Issue 1, pp. 26–29).https://doi.org/10.4269/AJTMH.20-1181

  3. Alba Soto, C. (2019). Elimination of indigenous malaria inArgentina: history of a struggle and the risk offorgetting. Revista Argentina de Microbiología, 51(4),289–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ram.2019.11.001

  4. Alho, R. M., Vinícius, K., Machado, A., Val, F. F. A.,Fraiji, N. A., Alexandre, M. A. A., Melo, G. C., Recht,J., Siqueira, A. M., Monteiro, W. M., & Lacerda, M.V. G. (2017). Alternative transmission routes in themalaria elimination era: an overview of transfusiontransmitted malaria in the Americas. Malar J, 16, 78.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-1726-y

  5. Altaf A. Lal et al. (2019). Malaria elimination: Using pastand present experience to make malaria-free India by2030. J Vector Borne Dis, 60–65.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31070168/

  6. Arevalo-Herrera, M., Quiñones, M. L., Guerra, C.,Céspedes, N., Giron, S., Ahumada, M., Piñeros, J. G.,Padilla, N., Terrientes, Z., Rosas, Á., Padilla, J. C.,Escalante, A. A., Beier, J. C., & Herrera, S. (2012).Malaria in selected non-Amazonian countries of LatinAmerica. Acta Tropica, 121(3), 303–314.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.06.008

  7. Baltzell, K. A., Maglior, A., Bangu, K., Mngadi, N., Prach,L. M., Whittemore, B., Ntshalintshali, N., Saini, M.,Dlamini, N., Kunene, S., & Hsiang, M. S. (2019). “Wewere afraid of the lion that has roared next to us”;Community response to reactive focal mass drugadministration for malaria in Eswatini (formerlySwaziland). Malaria Journal, 18(1).https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2877-9

  8. Bannister-Tyrrell, M., Verdonck, K., Hausmann-Muela,S., Gryseels, C., Muela Ribera, J., & Peeters Grietens,K. (2017). Defining micro-epidemiology for malariaelimination: systematic review and meta-analysis. InMalaria Journal (Vol. 16, Issue 1). BioMed CentralLtd. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-1792-1

  9. Bennett, A., & Smith, J. L. (2018). Malaria elimination:Lessons from El Salvador. In American Journal ofTropical Medicine and Hygiene (Vol. 99, Issue 1, pp.1–2). https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0390

  10. Blair, S. (2012). Challenges for the elimination of malariain Colombia: A problem of knowledge or of power.Biomédica, 32(sup1), 131.https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v32i0.598

  11. Braz, R. M., & Barcellos, C. (2018). Análise do processode eliminação da transmissão da malária na Amazôniabrasileira com abordagem espacial da variação daincidência da doença em 2016. Epidemiologia eServicos de Saude: Revista Do Sistema Unico de SaudeDo Brasil, 27(3), e2017253.https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742018000300010

  12. Canese, A. (2017). Eliminación de la malaria, un hecho sinprecedentes en la historia de la salud del Paraguay.Revistas. Ins. Gov. Py, 7(1), 5–6.

  13. Cao, J., Sturrock, H. J. W., Cotter, C., Zhou, S., Zhou, H.,Liu, Y., Tang, L., Gosling, R. D., Feachem, R. G. A.,& Gao, Q. (2014). Communicating and MonitoringSurveillance and Response Activities for MalariaElimination: China’s “1-3-7” Strategy. PLoSMedicine, 11(5).https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001642

  14. Davidyants, V. A., Kondrashin, A. V, Vanyan, A. V,Morozova, L. F., Turbabina, N. A., Stepanova, E. V,Maksimova, M. S., & Morozov, E. N. (2019). Role ofmalaria partners in malaria elimination in Armenia.Malar J, 18, 178. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2814-y

  15. de Barrios, E. D., Russomando, G., & del Puerto, F. (2016).Absence of asymptomatic cases of malaria in ahistorically endemic indigenous locality of thedepartment of caaguazú, paraguay: Moving towardelimination. Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira deMedicina Tropical, 49(5), 637–640.https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0197-2016

  16. Depina, A. J., Dia, A. K., De Ascenção Soares Martins, A.,Ferreira, M. C., Moreira, A. L., Leal, S. V., Pires, C.M., Moreira, J. M. G., Tavares, M. F., Da Moura, A. J.F., Pereira, J. M., Faye, O., Seck, I., & Niang, E. H. A.(2019). Knowledge, attitudes and practices aboutmalaria in Cabo Verde: A country in the preelimination context. BMC Public Health, 19(1).https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7130-5

  17. Dhimal, M., Ahrens, B., & Kuch, U. (2014). Malariacontrol in Nepal 1963-2012: Challenges on the pathtowards elimination. Malaria Journal, 13(1).https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-13-241

  18. Feng, J., Liu, J., Feng, X., Zhang, L., Xiao, H., & Xia, Z.(2016). Towards malaria elimination: Monitoring andevaluation of the “1-3-7” approach at the ChinaMyanmar border. American Journal of TropicalMedicine and Hygiene, 95(4), 806–810.https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.15-0888

  19. Feng, J., Zhang, L., Huang, F., Yin, J. H., Tu, H., Xia, Z.G., Zhou, S. Sen, Xiao, N., & Zhou, X. N. (2018).Ready for malaria elimination: Zero indigenous casereported in the People’s Republic of China. MalariaJournal, 17(1), 315. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2444-9

  20. Fernando, D., Wijeyaratne, P., Wickremasinghe, R.,Abeyasinghe, R. R., Galappaththy, G. N. L.,Wickremasinghe, R., Hapugoda, M., Abeywickrema,W. A., & Rodrigo, C. (2018). Use of a public-privatepartnership in malaria elimination efforts in Sri Lanka;A case study. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1).https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3008-y

  21. Ferreira, M. U., & Castro, M. C. (2016). Challenges formalaria elimination in Brazil. In Malaria Journal (Vol.15, Issue 1, p. 284). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1335-1

  22. Flores, W., Chang, J., & Barillas, E. (2011). Rapidassessment of the performance of malaria controlstrategies implemented by countries in the Amazonsubregion using adequacy criteria: case study. InMalaria Journal (Vol. 10).https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-10-379

  23. Guerin et al. (2019). Malaria control in India: A nationalperspective in a regional and global fight to eliminatemalaria. In Clinical Infectious Diseases (Vol. 69, Issue7, pp. 1153–1155).https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1043

  24. Herrera, S., Quiñones, M. L., Quintero, J. P., Corredor, V.,Fuller, D. O., Mateus, J. C., Calzada, J. E., Gutierrez,J. B., Llanos, A., Soto, E., Menendez, C., Wu, Y.,Alonso, P., Carrasquilla, G., Galinski, M., Beier, J. C.,& Arevalo-Herrera, M. (2012). Prospects for malariaelimination in non-Amazonian regions of LatinAmerica. Acta Trop, 121(3), 315–323.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.06.018

  25. Hiwat, H., Hardjopawiro, L. S., Takken, W., & Villegas,L. (2012). Novel strategies lead to pre-elimination ofmalaria in previously high-risk areas in Suriname,South America. Malaria Journal, 11.https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-10

  26. Hiwat, H., Martínez-López, B., Cairo, H., Hardjopawiro,L., Boerleider, A., Duarte, E. C., & Yadon, Z. E.(2018). Malaria epidemiology in Suriname from 2000to 2016: Trends, opportunities and challenges forelimination. Malaria Journal, 17(1), 418.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2570-4

  27. Hlongwana, K. W., & Tsoka-Gwegweni, J. (2016). Frommalaria control to elimination in South Africa: Theresearchers’ perspectives. African Journal of PrimaryHealth Care & Family Medicine, 8(1), e1–e10.https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v8i1.1078

  28. Jamshidi, E., Eftekhar Ardebili, H., Yousefi-Nooraie, R.,Raeisi, A., Malekafzali Ardakani, H., Sadeghi, R.,Hanafi-Bojd, A. A., & Majdzadeh, R. (2019). A socialnetwork analysis on immigrants and refugees access toservices in the malaria elimination context. MalariaJournal, 18(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2635-4

  29. Juárez, J. (2013). Paradigms of the malarial control inGuatemala in the 20th and 21st centuries moving fromeradication to elimination. Revista Cubana de SaludPublica, 39(2), 346–353.

  30. Kaehler et al. (2019). The promise, problems and pitfallsof mass drug administration for malaria elimination: aqualitative study with scientists and policymakers. IntHealth, 11, 166–176.https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihy079

  31. Kaehler, N., Adhikari, B., Cheah, P. Y., Von Seidlein, L.,Day, N. P. J., Paris, D. H., Tanner, M., & Pell, C.(2019). Prospects and strategies for malariaelimination in the Greater Mekong Sub-region: Aqualitative study. Malaria Journal, 18(1), 203.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2835-6

  32. Karunaweera, N. D., Galappaththy, G. N., & Wirth, D. F.(2014). On the road to eliminate malaria in Sri Lanka:Lessons from history, challenges, gaps in knowledgeand research needs. Malaria Journal, 13(1), 1–10.https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-13-59

  33. Kaura, T., Kaur, J., Sharma, A., Dhiman, A., Pangotra, M.,Upadhyay, A. K., Grover, G. S., & Sharma, S. K.(2019). Prevalence of submicroscopic malaria in lowtransmission state of Punjab: A potential threat tomalaria elimination. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases,56(1), 78–84. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-9062.257780

  34. Knudson-Ospina, A., Barreto-Zorza, Y. M., Castillo, C. F.,Mosquera, L. Y., Apráez-Ippolito, G., Olaya-Másmela,L. A., Piamba, A. H., & Sanchez, R. (2019). Strategiesfor malaria elimination: An afro-colombianperspective. Revista de Salud Pública, 21(1), 9–16.https://doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v21n1.76210

  35. Krisher, L. K., Krisher, J., Ambuludi, M., Arichabala, A.,Beltrán-Ayala, E., Navarrete, P., Ordoñez, T.,Polhemus, M. E., Quintana, F., Rochford, R., Silva,M., Bazo, J., & Stewart-Ibarra, A. M. (2016).Successful malaria elimination in the Ecuador-Peruborder region: epidemiology and lessons learned.Malar J, 15, 573. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1630-x

  36. León Martínez. (2020). De pandemia a sindemia: malpronóstico | El Diario de Salud. 29/09/2020.https://eldiariodesalud.com/opinion/de-pandemiasindemia-malpronostico?fbclid=IwAR0tauLnxBUunRTj6oj3y_XdBriZyXMzOGO8JR-WsyprpaI259km_FhqESE

  37. Lourenço, C., Tatem, A. J., Atkinson, P. M., Cohen, J. M.,Pindolia, D., Bhavnani, D., & Le Menach, A. (2019).Strengthening surveillance systems for malariaelimination: A global landscaping of systemperformance, 2015-2017. Malaria Journal, 18(1), 315.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2960-2

  38. Marcelo, H., & Velasco, A. (2021). Trabajo deInvestigación Malaria y espacio en el Ecuador delverde de París a la eliminación de la enfermedad.https://repositorio.uasb.edu.ec/bitstream/10644/8216/1/PDSC-005-Aguilar-Malaria.pdf

  39. Mendoza, N. M., Díaz, C. E., Wong, Y. Y., Echeverría, A.E., Guale, D. G., Delgado, R. H., Muñoz, J. M.,Solórzano, L. F., Andrade, M. E., Quintero, R. A.,Palacios, B. R., Ortega, S. M., Cuero, W. B., &Castillo, J. R. (2019). Evaluación de la calidad deldiagnóstico de malaria en la red local de laboratorios yen los laboratorios intermedios en el contexto de laeliminación de la enfermedad en Ecuador. Biomedica:Revista Del Instituto Nacional de Salud, 39(2), 101–116. https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v39i4.4686

  40. Moemenbellah-Fard, M. D., Saleh, V., Banafshi, O., &Dabaghmanesh, T. (2012). Malaria elimination trend from a hypo-endemic unstable active focus in southernIran: Predisposing climatic factors. Pathogens andGlobal Health, 106(6), 358–365.https://doi.org/10.1179/2047773212Y.0000000049

  41. Molina, K., Caicedo, A., Gaitán, A., Herrera, M., Arce, M.I., Vallejo, A. F., Padilla, J., Chaparro, P., Pacheco, M.A., Escalante, A. A., Arevalo, M., & Herrera, S.(2017). Characterizing the malaria rural-to-urbantransmission interface: The importance of reactive casedetection. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 11(7).https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005780

  42. Muñoz, M. (2017). The road to malaria elimination inParaguay. Memorias Del Instituto de InvestigacionesEn Ciencias de La Salud, 15(2), 3–5.https://doi.org/10.18004/mem.iics/1812-9528/2017.015(02)03-005

  43. Murillo, O. L., Padilla, J. C., Escobar, J. P., & Morales, C.A. (2018). Desafíos hacia la eliminación de la malariaurbana/peri en Guapi (Colombia), 2016. Entramado,14(2), 272–284. https://doi.org/10.18041/1900-3803/entramado.2.4765

  44. Naciones Unidas. (2015). Salud - Desarrollo Sostenible.https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/health/

  45. Navarrete Hernández, E., Canún Serrano, S., Reyes Pablo,A. E., del Carmen Sierra Romero, M., & ValdésHernández wwwmedigraphicorgmx, J. (2013). Lamalaria en méxico. progresos y desafíos hacia sueliminación Challenges and progress in the eliminationof malaria in Mexico. In Boletín Médico del HospitalInfantil de México (Vol. 70, Issue 6).

  46. OMS. (2015a). Estrategia técnica mundial contra laMalaria 2016–2030. OMS, 35.http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241564991/es/

  47. OMS. (2015b). Estrategia Técnica Mundial Contra LaMalaria 2016–2030. Organización Mundial de LaSalud, 35.http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241564991/es/

  48. OMS. (2017). OMS | Marco para la eliminación de lamalaria. In WHO. World Health Organization.https://www.paho.org/es/documentos/marco-paraeliminacion-malaria-2017-0

  49. OMS. (2018). Impacto de la malaria. Mantener el rumboa primera vista.https://www.paho.org/es/file/50464/download?token=1035_eR3

  50. OMS. (2019). OMS | El Informe mundial sobre elpaludismo 2019 de un vistazo. 4 de diciembre de 2019;World Health Organization.https://www.who.int/malaria/media/world-malariareport-2019/es/

  51. OMS. (2020). Informe mundial 2020 sobre el paludismo.https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/malaria/world-malaria-reports/world-malariareport-2020-briefing-kit-sp.pdf?sfvrsn=a6de03a5_11

  52. Oo, W. H., Gold, L., Moore, K., Agius, P. A., & Fowkes,F. J. I. (2019). The impact of community-deliveredmodels of malaria control and elimination: Asystematic review. In Malaria Journal (Vol. 18, Issue1, p. 269). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2900-1

  53. OPS. (2019). Actualización epidemiológica Malaria en lasAméricas.https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/51849/EpiUpdate18November2019_spa.pdf?sequence2&isAllowed=y

  54. Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2020). La iniciativa E2020 para los 21 países que están en vías deeliminación del paludismo. Informe sobre el progreso2019.

  55. Peña-Sánchez, E. R. (2019). Eliminación de la malaria enel Perú. Revista Del Cuerpo Médico Del HNAAA,12(1), 4–5.https://doi.org/10.35434/rcmhnaaa.2019.121.476

  56. Raman, J., Morris, N., Frean, J., Brooke, B., Blumberg, L.,Kruger, P., Mabusa, A., Raswiswi, E., Shandukani, B.,Misani, E., Groepe, M. A., & Moonasar, D. (2016).Reviewing South Africa’s malaria elimination strategy(2012-2018): Progress, challenges and priorities.Malaria Journal, 15(1).https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1497-x

  57. 57Recht, J., Siqueira, A. M., Monteiro, W. M., Herrera, S.M., Herrera, S., & Lacerda, M. V. G. (2017). Malariain Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela: Currentchallenges in malaria control and elimination. MalariaJournal, 16(1), 273. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-1925-6

  58. Rodríguez, M., en Parasit Méd, D., Francisco BetanzosReyes, Á., en, D. S., Antonio Marenco, J., Polanco, J.,Bautista, K., Miranda, A., Sánchez-López, A., Torres,P., Alemán, J., Ordóñez, M., Salgado-Elvir, L. J.,Martín-Sinclair, I., Carrillo, W., Marín, R., LuisGarcés, J., González, Ó., Victoria, C., … IgnacioArredondo-Jiménez, J. (2011). Plan de mejoramientodel control de la malaria hacia su eliminación enMesoamérica. Salud Pública de México. https://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/spm/v53s3/a07v53s3.pdf

  59. Rosenthal, P. J., John, C. C., & Rabinovich, N. R. (2019).Perspective Piece Malaria: How Are We Doing andHow Can We Do Better? In Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg(Vol. 100, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0997

  60. Ruktanonchai, N. W., Bhavnani, D., Sorichetta, A.,Bengtsson, L., Carter, K. H., Córdoba, R. C., LeMenach, A., Lu, X., Wetter, E., Zu ErbachSchoenberg, E., & Tatem, A. J. (2016). Census-derivedmigration data as a tool for informing malariaelimination policy. Malaria Journal, 15(1), 273.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1315-5

  61. Singh, N., Bharti, P. K., & Kumre, N. S. (2016). Active v.passive surveillance for malaria in remote tribal belt ofCentral India: Implications for malaria elimination.Pathogens and Global Health, 110(4–5), 178–184.https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2016.1223920

  62. Smith Gueye, C., Newby, G., Gosling, R. D., Whittaker,M. A., Chandramohan, D., Slutsker, L., & Tanner, M.(2016). Strategies and approaches to vector control innine malaria-eliminating countries: A cross-case studyanalysis. Malaria Journal, 15(1).https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-1054-z

  63. Smith, J. L., Ghimire, P., Rijal, K. R., Maglior, A., Hollis,S., Andrade-Pacheco, R., Das Thakur, G., Adhikari,N., Thapa Shrestha, U., Banjara, M. R., Lal, B. K.,Jacobson, J. O., & Bennett, A. (2019). Designingmalaria surveillance strategies for mobile and migrantpopulations in Nepal: A mixed-methods study.Malaria Journal, 18(1), 158.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2791-1

  64. Teboh-Ewungkem, M. I., & Ngwa, G. A. (2021). COVID19 in malaria-endemic regions: potential consequencesfor malaria intervention coverage, morbidity, andmortality. In The Lancet Infectious Diseases (Vol. 21,Issue 1, pp. 5–6). Lancet Publishing Group.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30763-5

  65. Valero, M. V., Tanner, M., Muñoz, S., & Valero, J. F.(2017). Proporción de fiebre atribuible a malaria enColombia: Indicadores potenciales para el seguimientohacia la eliminación. Revista de Salud Pública, 19(1),81–90. https://doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v19n1.55933

  66. Vallejo, A. F., Chaparro, P. E., Benavides, Y., Álvarez, Á.,Quintero, J. P., Padilla, J., Arévalo-Herrera, M., &Herrera, S. (2015). High prevalence of submicroscopic infections in Colombia. Malaria Journal,14(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-0711-6

  67. Van Eer, E. D., Bretas, G., & Hiwat, H. (2018). Decreasedendemic malaria in Suriname: Moving towardselimination. Malaria Journal, 17(1), 56.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2204-x

  68. Wang, D., Cotter, C., Sun, X., Bennett, A., Gosling, R. D.,& Xiao, N. (2017). Adapting the local response formalaria elimination through evaluation of the 1-3-7system performance in the China-Myanmar borderregion. Malaria Journal, 16(1), 1–10.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-1707-1

  69. Wangdi, K., Banwell, C., Gatton, M. L., Kelly, G. C.,Namgay, R., & Clements, A. C. (2016). Developmentand evaluation of a spatial decision support system formalaria elimination in Bhutan. Malaria Journal, 15(1),180. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1235-4

  70. Yin, J. hai, Yang, M. ni, Zhou, S. sen, Wang, Y., Feng, J.,& Xia, Z. gui. (2013). Changing Malaria Transmissionand Implications in China towards National MalariaElimination Programme between 2010 and 2012. PLoSONE, 8(9).https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074228

  71. Zhang, S. Sen, Zhou, S. Sen, Zhou, Z. Bin, Chen, T. M.,Wang, X. Z., Shi, W. Q., Jiang, W. K., Li, J. L., Zhou,X. N., Frutos, R., Manguin, S., & Afelt, A. (2018).Monitoring of malaria vectors at the China-Myanmarborder while approaching malaria elimination.Parasites and Vectors, 11(1).https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-3073-4

  72. Zoghi, S., Mehrizi, A. A., Raeisi, A., Haghdoost, A. A.,Turki, H., Safari, R., Kahanali, A. A., & Zakeri, S.(2012). Survey for asymptomatic malaria cases in lowtransmission settings of Iran under eliminationprogramme. Malaria Journal, 11.https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-126




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com