medigraphic.com
ISSN 0016-3813 (Print)

2003, Number s1

<< Back Next >>

Gac Med Mex 2003; 139 (s1)

Emergency Contraception

Larrea F, Durand CM, Cravioto MC, Schiavon R

Language: Spanish
References: 39
Page: 29-36
PDF size: 141.58 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Emergency contraception represents an excellent and safe option for prevention of unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion. Thousands of women of reproductive age die as a consequence of unsafe abortion. Broader knowledge and more extensive use of effective emergency contraception would be life-saving for many women, especially in developing countries. In this review, standard methods, including their mechanisms of action, are discussed to contribute from the biomedical perspective to a better understanding and enhanced practice and benefits of emergency contraception.


REFERENCES

  1. Schiavon R, Jiménez CH. Anticoncepción de emergencia: ¿Por qué nadie me dijo que existía? Rev Endocrinol Nutr 1999;7:46-50.

  2. Bellagio Conference on Emergency Contraception (editorial). Consensus statement on emergency contraception. Contraception 1995;52:211-213.

  3. Parkes AS, Bellerby CW. Studies on the internal secretions of the ovary. II. The effects of injection of the oestrus producing hormone during pregnancy. J Physiol 1926;62:145-155.

  4. Parkes AS, Dodds EC, Noble RL. Interruption of early pregnancy by means of orally active estrogens. Br Med J 1938;2:557-559.

  5. Smith MG. On the interruption of pregnancy in the rat by the injection of ovarian follicular extract. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1926;39:203-214.

  6. Morris JM, Waganen G. Compounds interfering with ovum implantation and development. III. The role of estrogens. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966;6:804-815.

  7. Yuzpe AA, Thurlow HJ, Ramzy I, Leyshon JI. Post coital contraception: a pilot study. J Reprod Med 1974;13:53-61.

  8. World Health Organization. Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation. Randomized controlled trial of levonorgestrel versus the Yuzpe regimen of combined contraceptives for emergency contraception. Lancet 1998;352:428-433.

  9. Kovacs L, Seregely G, Szilagyi J. Investigation of the pregnancy preventive effect of postcoital d-norgestrel under special experimental conditions. Honvedorvos 1979;3-4:289-293.

  10. Moggia A, Beauquis A, Ferrari F, Torrado ML, Alonso JL, Koremblit E, Mischler T. The use of progestogens as postcoital contraceptives. J Reprod Med 1974;13:58-61.

  11. Ho PC, Kwan MSW. A prospective randomized comparison of levonorgestrel with the Yuzpe regimen in post-coital contraception. Hum Reprod 1993;8:389-392.

  12. Glasier A. Emergency postcoital contraception. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1058-1064.

  13. Yuzpe AA, Lancee WJ. Ethinylestradiol and dl-norgestrel as a postcoital contraceptive. Fertil Steril 1977;28:932-936.

  14. Yuzpe AA, Percival Smith R, Rademaker AW. A multicenter clinical investigation employing ethinyl estradiol combined with dl-norgestrel as a postcoital contraceptive agent. Fertil Steril 1982;37:508-513.

  15. Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Baird DD. Timing the sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1517-1521.

  16. Glasier A, Thong KJ, Dewar M, Mackie M, Baird DT. Mifepristone (RU 486) compared with high-dose estrogen and progestogen for emergency postcoital contraception. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1041-1044.

  17. World Health Organization. Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation. A randomized controlled trial comparing three single doses of mifepristone in emergency contraception. Lancet 1999;353:697-702.

  18. Fluker MR, Marshall CA, Monroe SE. Jaffe RBA. Variable ovarian response to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist-induced gonadotrophin deprivation during different phases of the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;72:912-919.

  19. Dubourdieu S, Charbonnel B, Massai ME, Marraoui J, Spitz I, Bouchard P. Suppression of corpus luteum function by the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone anatgonist: Nal-Glu effect of the dose and timing of human chorionic gonadotrophin administration. Fertil Steril 1991;56:440-445.

  20. Lippes J, Malik T, Tatum HJ. The post coital copper T. Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Association of Planned Parenthood Physicians. Book of Abstracts, April 17, 1975;8p.

  21. Haspels AA. Emergency contraception: a review. Contraception 1994;50:101-108.

  22. Van Look P, Von Hertzen H. Emergency contraception. Br Med Bull 1993;49:158-170.

  23. Von Hertzen H, Van Look PFA. Research on new methods of emergency contraception. Int Fam Plann Perspec 1996;28:52-58.

  24. Swahn ML, Westlund P, Johannisson E, Bygdeman. Effect of post-coital contraceptive methods on the endometrium and the menstrual cycle. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996;75:738-744.

  25. Ling WY, Wrixon W, Acorn T, Wilson E, Collins J. Mode of action of dl-norgestrel and ethinylestradiol combination in postcoital contraception III. Effects of preovulatory administration following the luteinizing hormone surge on ovarian steroidogenesis. Fertil Steril 1983;40:631-636.

  26. Croxatto HB, Fuentealba B, Brache V, Salvatierra AM, Alvarez F, Massai R, Cochon L, Faundes A. Effects of Yuzpe regimen, given during the follicular phase, on ovarian function. Contraception 2002;65:121-128

  27. Ling WY, Wrixon W, Zayid Y, Acorn T, Popat R, Wilson E. Mode of action of dl-norgestrel and ethinylestradiol combination in postcoital contraception II. Effects of postovulatory administration on ovarian function and endometrium. Fertil Steril 1983;39:292-297.

  28. Ling WY, Robichaud A, Zayid Y, Wrixon W, MacLeod SC. Mode of action of dl-norgestrel and ethinylestradiol combination in postcoital contraception. Fertil Steril 1979;32:297-302.

  29. Kubba AA, White JO, Guillebaud J, Elder MG. The biochemistry of human endometrium after two regimens of postcoital contraception: a dl-norgestrel/ethinylestradiol combination or danazol. Fertil Steril 1986;45:512-516.

  30. Raymond EG, Lovely LP, Chen-Mok M, Seppälä M, Kurman RJ, Lessey BA. Effect of the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception on markers of endometrial receptivity. Hum Reprod 2000;15:2351-2355.

  31. Kesserü E, Garmendia F, Westphal N, Parada J. The hormonal and peripheral effects of d-norgestrel in postcoital contraception. Contraception 1974;10:411-424.

  32. Ugocsai G, Resch B, Traub A, Sas M. Biological, microscopic and scanning electron microscopic investigations of the effects of postinor/d-norgestrel in rabbits. Contraception 1984;30:153-159.

  33. Landgren BM, Johannisson E, Aedo AR, Kumar A, Yong-en S. The effects of levonorgestrel administered in large doses at different stages of the cycle on ovarian function and endometrial morphology. Contraception 1989;39:275-289.

  34. Spona J, Matt K, Schneider WHF. Study on the action of d-norgestrel as a postcoital contraceptive agent. Contraception 1975;11:31-43.

  35. Garmendia F, Kesserü E, Urdanivia E, Valencia M. Luteinizing hormone and progesterone in women under postcoital contraception with d-norgestrel. Fertil Steril 1976;27:1250-1255.

  36. Durand M, Cravioto MC, Raymond EG, Durán-Sánchez O, Cruz-Hinojosa ML, Castell-Rodríguez A, Schiavon R, Larrea F. On the mechanism of action of short-term levonorgestrel administration in emergency contraception. Contraception 2001;64:227-234.

  37. Wang JD, Jiie W, Jiie C, Ruhua X, Hong-y W, Gen-mel Q, Peng-di Z. Effects of emergency contraceptive mifepristone and levonorgestrel on the endometrium at the time of implantation. International Conference on Reproductive Health; Mumbai, India 1998. p. A83.

  38. Hapangama D, Glasier AF, Baird DT. The effects of peri-ovulatory administration of levonorgestrel on the menstrual cycle. Contraception 2001;63:123-129.

  39. Piaggio G, von Hertzen H, Grimes DA, Van Look PFA. Timing of emergency contraception with levonorgestrel or the Yuzpe regimen. Lancet 1999;353:721.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com