medigraphic.com
ISSN 2500-7106 (Electronic)
ISSN 0123-2576 (Print)
Medicina & Laboratorio

2021, Number 1

<< Back Next >>

Medicina & Laboratorio 2021; 25 (1)

Electrolyte disorders induced by drugs and toxic substances

Chinchilla-Escobar E, Pérez-Madrid H, Jiménez-Ospina L, Cabrera-Rojas D, Palacín-Bernal N, Sepúlveda-Barbosa G, Piedrahita-Pérez JD, Díaz-Vélez LF, Quintero-Aguirre J, Montoya-Giraldo MA

Language: Spanish
References: 94
Page: 363-392
PDF size: 828.88 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Diseases can generate an electrolyte imbalance as part of their pathophysiology, as well as chronic use of some medications, and toxic substances available in our environment. Despite all the separate statistical data, the overall incidence of fluid and electrolyte disorders secondary to drugs or toxic substances remains unknown, and possibly underreported; therefore, the objective of this review is to analyze electrolyte disorders caused by some medications and toxic substances, and describe the mechanism through which changes in sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus occur, in particular, in order to alert health professionals when facing this type of conditions in their clinical practice. Knowledge of drug and toxic-related adverse effects is important to effectively prevent, identify, and manage complications that can be potentially life-threatening. This review intends to be a reference for supporting health professionals in these situations.


REFERENCES

  1. Shrimanker I, Bhattarai S. Electrolytes. TreasureIsland (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020. Acceso10 de junio de 2020. Disponible en https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541123/.

  2. Albalate-Ramón M, Alcázar-Arroyo R, DeSequera-Ortíz P. Alteraciones del agua y delsodio. Trastornos del Agua. Disnatremias. In:Lorenzo V, López-Gómez JM, eds. Nefrología aldía. Barcelona, España: Sociedad Española deNefrología; 2019.

  3. Wahid-Bhat A, Wahid-Bhat B. Prevalence ofpatient load with electrolyte abnormalities presentingto emergency department at a tertiarycare hospital. Int J Health Sci Res 2020;10:19-23.

  4. Seay NW, Lehrich RW, Greenberg A. Diagnosisand management of disorders of body tonicityhyponatremiaand hypernatremia: Core curriculum2020. Am J Kidney Dis 2020;75:272-286.https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.07.014.

  5. Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, AnnaneD, Ball S, Bichet D, et al. Guía de práctica clínicasobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la hiponatremia. Nefrología 2017;37:370-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefro.2017.03.021.

  6. Liamis G, Milionis H, Elisaf M. A review ofdrug-induced hyponatremia. Am J Kidney Dis2008;52:144-153. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.03.004.

  7. Gamboa-Arroyave JG. Capítulo 12. Pacientecon trastorno del sodio: puntos de buena prácticaclínica. In: Espíndola-Fernández D, ed. MemoriasMedicina Interna 2020. 20a ed. Medellín,Colombia: Universidad de Antioquia; 2020.p. 107-113.

  8. Traub SJ, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS. The"ecstasy" hangover: hyponatremia due to3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. JUrban Health 2002;79:549-555. https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/79.4.549.

  9. Boulanger-Gobeil C, St-Onge M, LalibertéM, Auger PL. Seizures and hyponatremia relatedto ethcathinone and methylone poisoning.J Med Toxicol 2012;8:59-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-011-0159-1.

  10. Carter M, Abdi A, Naz F, Thabet F, Vyas A. Amercury toxicity case complicated by hyponatremiaand abnormal endocrinological test results.Pediatrics 2017;140:e20161402. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1402.

  11. Windpessl M, Schwarz C, Wallner M. “Bowelprep hyponatremia“: A state of acute water intoxicationfacilitated by low dietary solute intake:case report and literature review. BMC Nephrology2017;18:54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-017-0464-2.

  12. Gallagher JJ, Branski LK, Williams-BouyerN, Villarreal C, Herndon DN. Chapter 12-Treatment of infection in burns. In: HerndonDN, ed. Total Burn Care. 4th ed. London: W.B.Saunders; 2012. p. 137-156.e132. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-2786-9.00012-6.

  13. Lodhi MU, Saleem TS, Kuzel AR, Khan D,Syed IA, Rahim U, et al. "Beer Potomania" - Asyndrome of severe hyponatremia with uniquepathophysiology: Case studies and literaturereview. Cureus 2017;9:e2000. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.2000.

  14. Liamis G, Milionis HJ, Elisaf M. A reviewof drug-induced hypernatraemia. NDT Plus2009;2:339-346. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndtplus/sfp085.

  15. Scoggin C, McClellan JR, Cary JM. Hypernatraemiaand acidosis in associationwith topical treatment of burns. Lancet1977;1:959. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92263-2.

  16. Cuzzo B, Padala SA, Lappin SL. Physiology,vasopressin. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearlsPublishing; 2020. Acceso 13 de julio de 2020.Disponible en https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526069/.

  17. Nelson LS, Howland MA, Lewin NA, SmithSW, Goldfrank LR, Hoffman RS. Goldfrank'sToxicologic Emergencies. 11e ed. New York,USA: McGraw-Hill Education; 2019. ISBN978-1-259-85961-8.

  18. Greenlee M, Wingo CS, McDonough AA,Youn J-H, Kone BC. Narrative review: evolvingconcepts in potassium homeostasis andhypokalemia. Ann Intern Med 2009;150:619-625. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00008.

  19. Singh Rehan H, Hotha P. Antimicrobialagents-induced hypokalemia: A possiblecausality association. Indian J Crit Care Med

  20. 2019;23:175-177. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23148.20. Veltri KT, Mason C. Medication-induced hypokalemia.P T 2015;40:185-190.

  21. Sears MR. Adverse effects of beta-agonists.J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;110:S322-328.https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2002.129966.

  22. Gennari FJ. Hypokalemia. N Engl J Med1998;339:451-458. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199808133390707.

  23. Tajima Y. Coffee-induced hypokalaemia. ClinMed Insights Case Rep 2010;3:9-13. https://doi.org/10.4137/ccrep.s4329.

  24. Thongprayoon C, Petnak T, Kaewput W,Mao MA, Kovvuru K, Kanduri SR, et al. Hospitalizationsfor acute salicylate intoxication inthe United States. J Clin Med 2020;9:2638.https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082638.

  25. Yang Q, Guo X, Liu D. Hypokalemia causedby quetiapine and risperidone treatment inschizophrenia: A case report. Shanghai ArchPsychiatry 2018;30:204-206. https://doi.org/10.11919/j.issn. 1002-0829.217168.

  26. Alexandridis G, Liberopoulos E, Elisaf M.Aminoglycoside-induced reversible tubulardysfunction. Pharmacology 2003;67:118-120. https://doi.org/10.1159/000067797.

  27. Mohammadianpanah M, Omidvari S,Mosalaei A, Ahmadloo N. Cisplatin-inducedhypokalemic paralysis. Clin Ther2004;26:1320-1323. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0149-2918(04)80177-2.

  28. Prasad DR. Reduced levels of serum potassiumand plasma cholinesterase in acute organophosphatepoisoning: Possible predictivemarkers. Asia Pac J Med Toxicol 2014;3:68-72.https://doi.org/10.22038/apjmt.2014.3046.

  29. Bhoelan BS, Stevering CH, van der Boog AT,van der Heyden MA. Barium toxicity and therole of the potassium inward rectifier current.Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014;52:584-593. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2014.923903.

  30. Guzmán RM, Morales R, Otañez C, García-Dolores F. Intoxicación y muerte por inhalaciónde tolueno: revisión de caso postmortem.Rev Mex Med Forense 2020;5:1-10https://doi.org/10.25009/revmedforense.v5i1.2727.

  31. Watanabe R. Hyperkalemia in chronickidney disease. Rev Assoc Med Bras(1992) 2020;66:S31-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.S1.31.

  32. Hunter RW, Bailey MA. Hyperkalemia:pathophysiology, risk factors and consequences.Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019;34:2-11.https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfz206.

  33. Ben-Salem C, Badreddine A, Fathallah N,Slim R, Hmouda H. Drug-induced hyperkalemia.Drug Saf 2014;37:677-692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-014-0196-1.

  34. Perazella MA. Drug-induced hyperkalemia:old culprits and new offenders. Am J Med2000;109:307-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(00)00496-4.

  35. Hawboldt J, McGrath D. Possible metoprolol-induced hyperkalemia. J PharmPract 2006;19:320-325. https://doi.org/10.1177/0897190007300728.

  36. Martyn JA, Richtsfeld M. Succinylcholineinducedhyperkalemia in acquired pathologicstates: etiologic factors and molecularmechanisms. Anesthesiology 2006;104:158-169. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200601000-00022.

  37. Naesens M, Kuypers DR, Sarwal M. Calcineurininhibitor nephrotoxicity. Clin J AmSoc Nephrol 2009;4:481-508. https://doi.org/10.2215/cjn.04800908.

  38. Palmer BF. Managing hyperkalemia causedby inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosteronesystem. N Engl J Med 2004;351:585-592.https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra035279.

  39. Momoniat T, Ilyas D, Bhandari S. ACE inhibitorsand ARBs: Managing potassium and renalfunction. Cleve Clin J Med 2019;86:601-607.https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.86a.18024.

  40. Sharma J, Salhotra R. Mannitol-inducedintraoperative hyperkalemia, a littleknownclinical entity. J Anaesthesiol ClinPharmacol 2012;28:546-547. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9185.101965.

  41. Imamura T, Matsuura Y, Nagoshi T, IshikawaT, Date H, Kita T, et al. Hyperkalemia inducedby the calcium channel blocker, benidipine.Intern Med 2003;42:503-506. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.42.503.

  42. Ahmed F, Mohammed A. Magnesium: Theforgotten electrolyte: A review on hypomagnesemia.Med Sci (Basel) 2019;7:56. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci7040056.

  43. Al Alawi AM, Majoni SW, Falhammar H.Magnesium and human health: Perspectivesand research directions. Int J Endocrinol2018;2018:9041694. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9041694.

  44. Gröber U. Magnesium and drugs. Int J MolSci 2019;20:2094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092094.

  45. Danziger J, William JH, Scott DJ, Lee J,Lehman LW, Mark RG, et al. Proton-pumpinhibitor use is associated with low serummagnesium concentrations. Kidney Int2013;83:692-699. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2012.452.

  46. Perazella MA. Proton pump inhibitors and hypomagnesemia:a rare but serious complication.Kidney Int 2013;83:553-556. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2012.462.

  47. Nijenhuis T, Vallon V, van der Kemp AW,Loffing J, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. Enhancedpassive Ca2+ reabsorption and reducedMg2+ channel abundance explains thiazideinducedhypocalciuria and hypomagnesemia.J Clin Invest 2005;115:1651-1658. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci24134.

  48. Arampatzis S, Funk GC, Leichtle AB, FiedlerGM, Schwarz C, Zimmermann H, et al. Impactof diuretic therapy-associated electrolyte disorderspresent on admission to the emergencydepartment: a cross-sectional analysis. BMCMed 2013;11:83. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-83.

  49. Petri M, Cumber P, Grimes L, Treby D, BryantR, Rawlins D, et al. The metabolic effects ofthiazide therapy in the elderly: a population study.Age Ageing 1986;15:151-155. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/15.3.151.

  50. Thebault S, Alexander RT, Tiel GroenestegeWM, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. EGF increasesTRPM6 activity and surface expression. JAm Soc Nephrol 2009;20:78-85. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.2008030327.

  51. Lajer H, Kristensen M, Hansen HH, ChristensenS, Jonassen T, Daugaard G. Magnesiumand potassium homeostasis during cisplatintreatment. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol2005;55:231-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00280-004-0899-6.

  52. Chou CL, Chen YH, Chau T, Lin SH. Acquiredbartter-like syndrome associated with gentamicinadministration. Am J Med Sci 2005;329:144-149.https://doi.org/10.1097/00000441-200503000-00007.

  53. Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, QianQ. Dysmagnesemia in hospitalized patients:Prevalence and prognostic importance. MayoClin Proc 2015;90:1001-1010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.04.023.

  54. Liu M, Yang H, Mao Y. Magnesium and liver disease.Ann Transl Med 2019;7:578. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2019.09.70.

  55. Yanagawa Y, Suzuki C, Imamura T. Recoveryof paralysis in association with an improvementof hypomagnesemia due to alcoholism.Am J Emerg Med 2011;29:242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2010.02.028.

  56. Mitra P, Sharma S, Purohit P, Sharma P. Clinicaland molecular aspects of lead toxicity: An update.Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2017;54:506-528. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2017.1408562.

  57. Todorovic T, Vujanovic D, Dozic I, Petkovic-Curcin A. Calcium and magnesium content inhard tissues of rats under condition of subchroniclead intoxication. Magnes Res 2008;21:43-50.

  58. Wakai E, Ikemura K, Sugimoto H, Iwamoto T,Okuda M. Risk factors for the development ofhypermagnesemia in patients prescribed magnesiumoxide: a retrospective cohort study. JPharm Health Care Sci 2019;5:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40780-019-0133-7.

  59. Eddleston M, Chowdhury FR. Pharmacologicaltreatment of organophosphorus insecticidepoisoning: the old and the (possible) new. Br JClin Pharmacol 2016;81:462-470. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12784.

  60. Singh Y, Joshi S, Satyawali V, Gupta A. Acutealuminium phosphide poisoning, what is new?Egypt J Intern Med 2014;26:99-103. https://doi.org/10.4103/1110-7782.145298.

  61. Abukurah AR, Moser AM, Jr., Baird CL,Randall RE, Jr., Setter JG, Blanke RV.Acute sodium fluoride poisoning. JAMA1972;222:816-817. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1972.03210070046014.

  62. Weng YM, Chen SY, Chen HC, Yu JH, WangSH. Hypermagnesemia in a constipated female.J Emerg Med 2013;44:e57-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.09.004.

  63. Schwalfenberg GK, Genuis SJ. The importanceof magnesium in clinical healthcare. Scientifica(Cairo) 2017;2017:4179326. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4179326.

  64. Walker P, Parnell S, Dillon RC. Epsom saltingestion leading to severe hypermagnesemianecessitating dialysis. J Emerg Med2020;58:767-770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.04.023.

  65. Société d’Exploitation des Salines de Saliesde-Béarn. Licor madre: un concentrado deagua termal. Route de Samadet, Francia: Sociétéd’Exploitation des Salines de Salies-de-Béarn;2020. Acceso 01 de julio de 2020. Disponibleen http://www.sel-salies-de-bearn.com/es/produit/eaux-meres/#:~:text=Despu%C3%A9s%20de%20extraer%20la%20sal,magnesio%20y%20en%20varios%20oligoelementos.

  66. Jung H, Paik J, Kim J, Han S. A case reportof bittern intoxication. J Emerg Trauma Shock2015;8:108-109. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2700.145426.

  67. Yu E, Sharma S. Physiology, Calcium. Stat-Pearls. Treasure Island (FL): Publishing Stat-Pearls 2020. Acceso 02 de noviembre de 2020.Disponible en https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482128/.

  68. Toribio RE. Disorders of calcium and phosphatemetabolism in horses. Vet Clin North AmEquine Pract 2011;27:129-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2010.12.010.

  69. Liamis G, Milionis HJ, Elisaf M. A review ofdrug-induced hypocalcemia. J Bone Miner Metab2009;27:635-642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-009-0119-x.

  70. Cholst IN, Steinberg SF, Tropper PJ, FoxHE, Segre GV, Bilezikian JP. The influence ofhypermagnesemia on serum calcium and parathyroidhormone levels in human subjects. NEngl J Med 1984;310:1221-1225. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198405103101904.

  71. Park DS, Vassilopoulou Sellin R, Tu S. Estramustine-related hypocalcemia in patientswith prostate carcinoma and osteoblastic metastases.Urology 2001;58:105. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-4295(01)01119-0.

  72. Bansal N, Katz R, de Boer IH, Kestenbaum B,Siscovick DS, Hoofnagle AN, et al. Influenceof estrogen therapy on calcium, phosphorus,and other regulatory hormones in postmenopausalwomen: the MESA study. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 2013;98:4890-4898. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-2286.

  73. Louie KS, Erhard C, Wheeler DC, StenvinkelP, Fouqueray B, Floege J. Cinacalcet-inducedhypocalcemia in a cohort of European haemodialysispatients: predictors, therapeuticapproaches and outcomes. J Nephrol 2019.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00686-z.

  74. Silva OL. The not-so-harmless laxative. Arch InternMed 1978;138:1067.

  75. Do W-S, Park J-K, Park M-I, Kim H-S, KimS-H, Lee D-H. Bisphosphonate-induced severehypocalcemia: A case report. J Bone Metab2012;19:139-145. https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2012.19.2.139.

  76. Wang Z, Schuetz EG, Xu Y, Thummel KE. Interplaybetween vitamin D and the drug metabolizingenzyme CYP3A4. J Steroid Biochem MolBiol 2013;136:54-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.09.012.

  77. Elisaf M, Liamis G, Liberopoulos E, SiamopoulosKC. Mechanisms of hypocalcemia inalcoholic patients. Nephron 2001;89:459-460.https://doi.org/10.1159/000046120.

  78. Hodgman M, Marraffa JM, Wojcik S, GrantW. Serum calcium concentration in ethyleneglycol poisoning. J Med Toxicol 2017;13:153-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-017-0598-4.

  79. Bridwell RE, Carius BM, Tomich EB, MaddryJK. Intentional toxic ingestion of sodium fluoride:A case report. Cureus 2019;11:e5025.https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.5025.

  80. Roy A, Taitelman U, Bursztein S. Evaluationof the role of ionized calcium in sodium fluoroacetate(“1080”) poisoning. Toxicol ApplPharmacol 1980;56:216-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(80)90292-6.

  81. McKee D, Thoma A, Bailey K, Fish J. A reviewof hydrofluoric acid burn management. PlastSurg 2014;22:95-98.

  82. Sadiq NM, Naganathan S, Badireddy M. Hypercalcemia,StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL):StatPearls Publishing; 2020. Acceso 04 de juniode 2020. Disponible en https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430714/.

  83. Skwarek A, Pachucki J, Bednarczuk T,Żurecka Z, Popow M, Kondracka A, et al.Milk-alkali syndrome (MAS) as a complicationof the treatment of hypoparathyroidism - Acase study. Endokrynol Pol 2018;69:200-204.https://doi.org/10.5603/EP.a2018.0015.

  84. Lowe H, Cusano NE, Binkley N, Blaner WS,Bilezikian JP. Vitamin D toxicity due to a commonlyavailable "over the counter" remedyfrom the Dominican Republic. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 2011;96:291-295. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-1999.

  85. Belden TL, Ragucci DP. Hypercalcemia inducedby 13-cis-retinoic acid in a patient with neuroblastoma.Pharmacotherapy 2002;22:645-648.https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.22.8.645.33207.

  86. Bhalla K, Ennis DM, Ennis ED. Hypercalcemiacaused by iatrogenic hypervitaminosis A. JAm Diet Assoc 2005;105:119-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2004.10.006.

  87. Meehan AD, Udumyan R, Kardell M, LandénM, Järhult J, Wallin G. Lithium-associatedhypercalcemia: Pathophysiology, prevalence,management. World J Surg 2018;42:415-424.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-017-4328-5.

  88. Shrivastava B, Dipak N, Karajagi A, DoshiR. Severe neonatal hypercalcemia secondaryto aluminium toxicity. Int J Contemp Pediatrics2017;5:254. https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20175595.

  89. García-Martín A, Varsavsky M, Cortés-BerdoncesM, Ávila-Rubio V, Alhambra-ExpósitoMR, Novo-Rodríguez C, et al. Phosphate disordersand clinical management of hypophosphatemiaand hyperphosphatemia. EndocrinolDiabetes Nutr 2020;67:205-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endinu.2019.06.004.

  90. Shaker JL, Deftos L. Calcium and phosphatehomeostasis. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA):MDText.com; 2018. Acceso 04 de julio de 2020.Disponible en https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279023/.

  91. Liamis G, Milionis HJ, Elisaf M. Medicationinducedhypophosphatemia: a review. QJM2010;103:449-459. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcq039.

  92. Megapanou E, Florentin M, Milionis H, ElisafM, Liamis G. Drug-induced hypophosphatemia:Current insights. Drug Saf 2020;43:197-210.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-019-00888-1.

  93. Goyal R, Jialal I. Hyperphosphatemia. Stat-Pearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing;2020 Acceso 03 de junio de 2020. Disponibleen https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551586/.

  94. Streja E, Lau WL, Goldstein L, Sim JJ, MolnarMZ, Nissenson AR, et al. Hyperphosphatemiais a combined function of high serum PTH andhigh dietary protein intake in dialysis patients.Kidney Int Suppl 2013;3:462-468. https://doi.org/10.1038/kisup.2013.96.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com