2021, Number 2
<< Back Next >>
Arch Med 2021; 21 (2)
The decline of the White Coat: another effect of COVID-19?
Echeverry-Raad J
Language: Spanish
References: 57
Page: 611-619
PDF size: 673.15 Kb.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this document is to reflect on some aspects that gave rise to and perpetuated the white coat as the standard of the medical profession, as well as the infectious risk that its use implies for doctors and patients, made more evident by the advent of the pandemic due to COVID-19, which threaten its future validity. The risk of contamination and cross infection of the white coat increases with the time of use.
This biological aspect adds to the social discredit experienced by medicine, which has been lost in its deontology and ethics due to the effects of the modernity of health systems. In transferring this lack of preeminence from the profession to its symbols, the white coat has lost to the imaginary the meaning of fitness, neatness and compassion that it is supposed to embody.
In a utilitarian framework, the white coat should participate in healing because of its symbolic placebo effect that overcomes the biological risk that it entails, something that is increasingly difficult.
While anti-contamination white coats are being conceived, the moment must come when, after the reestablishment of the framework of professional ethics, whether or not during health crises such as pandemics and due to genuine attitudes, health workers are seen “in white” since, paraphrasing, they heal and save a few times, they alleviate pain and suffering in another, but they listen with compassion, empathy, and always accompany and console (almost without expecting anything in return).
REFERENCES
Tubino P, Alves E. Evolução Histórica da Vestimenta do Médico. Rev Med Pesq. 2009;1(2):87–102.
Sayburn A. Covid-19: PHE upgrades PPE advice for all patient contacts with risk of infection.BMJ. 2020; 369:1-3. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1391
John TJ, Hassan K, Weich H. Donning and doffing of personal protective equipment (PPE) for angiography during the COVID-19 crisis. Eur Heart J. 2020; 41(19):1786-1787. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa283
Feinstein, JA. Short White Coat: Lessons from Patients on Becoming a Doctor. Bloomington: Universe, Inc.; 2009.
Cohen JB, Lotito MJ, Trivedi UK, Denker MG, Cohen DL, Townsend RR. Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in White Coat Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2019; 170(12):853-862. https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-0223
Pioli MR, Ritter AM, de Faria AP, Modolo R. White coat syndrome and its variations: differences and clinical impact. Integr Blood Press Control. 2018; 11:73-79. DOI: 10.2147/IBPC.S152761
Suwantarat N, Supple LA, Cadnum JL, Sankar T, Donskey CJ. Quantitative assessment of interactions bet-ween hospitalized patients and portable medical equipment and other fomites.Am J Infect Control. 2017; 45(11):1276-127
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.05.003 8. Bearman G, Bryant K, Leekha S, Mayer J, Munoz-Price S, Murthy R, et al. Healthcare personnel attire in non-operating-room settings.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014; 35(2):107-121. DOI: 10.1086/675066
Munoz-Price LS, Arheart KL, Mills JP, Cleary T, DePascale D, Jimenez A, et al. Associations between bacterial contamination of health care workers’ hands and contamination of white coats and scrubs. Am J Infect Control. 2012; 40(9):e245-e248. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2012.03.032
Alhmidi H, Koganti S, Cadnum JL, Jencson AL, John A, Donskey CJ. Dissemination of a nonpathogenic viral DNA surrogate marker from high-touch surfaces in rooms of long-term care facility residents. Am J Infect Control. 2017; 45(10):1165-1167. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.04.007
John A, Alhmidi H, Cadnum JL, Jencson AL, Donskey CJ. Contaminated Portable Equipment Is a Potential Vector for Dissemination of Pathogens in the Intensive Care Unit.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2017; 38(10):1247-1249. DOI: 10.1017/ice.2017.160
Wong D, Nye K, Hollis P. Microbial flora on doctors’ white coats. BMJ. 1991; 303(6817):1602-1604. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.303.6817.1602
Klugman CM. How Health Humanities Will Save the Life of the Humanities.J Med Humanit. 2017; 38(4):419-430. DOI: 10.1007/s10912-017-9453-5
Tsang S. Arrow physicians: are economics and medicine philosophically incompatible?J Eval Clin Pract.2015; 21(3):419-426. DOI: 10.1111/jep.12348
Burden M, Cervantes L, Weed D, Keniston A, Price CS, Albert RK. NewlyCleaned Physician Uniforms and Infrequently Washed White Coats Have Similar Rates of Bacterial Contamination After an 8-Hour Work-day: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011; 6(4):177–182. DOI: 10.1002/jhm.864
Harnett PR. Should doctors wear white coats?Med J Aust. 2001; 174(7):343-344. DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143310.x
Hardy S, Corones A. Dressed to heal: the changing semiotics of surgical dress.Fash Theory. 2015; 20(1):1-23. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2015.1077653
Branch WT Jr. Deconstructing the white coat.Ann Intern Med. 1998; 129(9):740-742. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-129-9-199811010-00012
Shryock RH. The Development of Modern Medicine. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1947:p. 248-272.
Blumhagen DW. The doctor’s white coat. The image of the physician in modern America.Ann Intern Med.1979; 91(1):111-116. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-91-1-111
Douse J, Derrett-Smith E, Dheda K, Dilworth J. Should doctors wear white coats?Postgrad Med J. 2004; 80(943):284-286. DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.2003.017483
Lynn LA, Bellini LM. Portable knowledge: a look inside white coat pockets.Ann Intern Med. 1999; 130(3):247-50. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-130-3-199902020-00039
Blackwell B. Wearing a white coat.Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1993; 15(2):90-91. DOI: 10.1016/0163-8343(93)90103-u
Abagnale FW, Redding S. Catch Me If You Can: The True Story of a Real Fake. New York: B/D/W/Y. Broadway Books, Random House LLC NY.; 1980.
Olvera-Lopez E, McCaffery E, Kasubhai M. White coat wearing and laundering frequency among internal medicine department physicians. Am J Infect Control. 2020; 48(7):834-836. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2019.10.017
Kuehn BM. Time to hang up the white coat?Epidemiologists suggest ways to prevent clothing from spreading infection.JAMA. 2014; 311(8):786-787. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.794
Bond L, Clamp PJ, Gray K, Van Dam V. Patients’ perceptions of doctors’ clothing: should we really be ‘bare below the elbow’?J Laryngol Otol. 2010; 124(9):963-966. DOI: 10.1017/S0022215110001167
Bearman GM, Rosato A, Elam K, Sanogo K, Stevens MP, Sessler CN, Wenzel RP. A crossover trial of an-timicrobial scrubs to reduce methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus burden on healthcare worker apparel. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012; 33(3):268-275. DOI: 10.1086/664045
Sanders S. The stethoscope and cross-infection revisited. Br J Gen Pract. 2005; 55(510):54-55.
Smith MA, Mathewson JJ, Ulert IA, Scerpella EG, Ericsson CD. Contaminated stethoscopes revisited. Arch Intern Med. 1996; 156(1):82-84.
Vajravelu RK, Guerrero DM, Jury LA, Donskey CJ. Evaluation of stethoscopes as vectors of Clostridium difficile and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012; 33(1):96-98. DOI: 10.1086/663338
Datz C, Jungwirth A, Dusch H, Galvan G, Weiger T. What’s on doctors’ ball point pens?Lancet. 1997; 350(9094):1824-1824. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)63642-2
Gudakova I, Kim J, Meredith JF, Webb G. Microbial Contamination on Touch Surfaces in Sick- and Well-Child Waiting Rooms in Pediatric Outpatient Facilities.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017; 36(12):e303-e306. DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000001759
Pappas DE, Hendley JO, Schwartz RH. Respiratory viral RNA on toys in pediatric office waiting rooms.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010; 29(2):102-104. DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e3181b6e482
Charnock C. Swabbing of waiting room magazines reveals only low levels of bacterial contamination. Br J Gen Pract. 2005; 55(510):37-39.
Barrett TG, Booth I. Sartorial eloquence: does it exist in the paediatrician-patient relationship?BMJ. 1994; 309(6970):1710-1712. DOI: 10.11 36/bmj.309.6970.1710
Sebo P, Herrmann F, Haller DM. White coat in primary care: what do patients think today? Cross-sectional study.Swiss Med Wkly. 2014; 144:1-6. DOI: 10.4414/smw.2014.14072
De Lott LB, Panarelli JF, Samimi D, Petrilli C, Snyder A, Kuhn L, et al. Patient Preferences for Physician Attire in Ophthalmology Practices.J Acad Ophthalmol. 2019; 11(1):e36-e42. DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1688913
Esezobor CI, Adeniyi OF, Makwe CC, Kanu OO, Bello T. What do medical interns in Nigeria think of the white coat?A cross sectional study. Nig Q J Hosp Med. 2013; 23(1):22-26.
Yamada Y, Takahashi O, Ohde S, Deshpande GA, Fukui T. Patients’ preferences for doctors’ attire in Japan. Intern Med. 2010; 49(15):1521-1526. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.49.3572
Gooden BR, Smith MJ, Tattersall SJ, Stockler M. Hospitalised patients’ views on doctors and white coats.Med J Aust. 2001; 175(4):219-222.
Zahrina AZ, Haymond P, Rosanna PC, Ho R, Rajini AR, Low BT, et al. Does the attire of a primary care physician affect patients’ perceptions and their levels of trust in the doctor?Malays Fam Physician. 2018; 13(3):3-11.
Gonzalez-Del Rey JA, Paul RI. Preferences of parents for pediatric emergency physicians’ attire. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1995; 11(6):361-364. DOI: 10.1097/00006565-199512000-00007
Dover S. Glasgow patients’ attitude to doctors’ dress and appearance.Health Bull (Edinb). 1991; 49(6):293-296.
Newman AW, Wright SW, Wrenn KD, Bernard A. Should physicians have facial piercings? J Gen Intern Med. 2005; 20(3):213-218. DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.40172.x
Clinicians for the Restoration of Autonomous Practice (CRAP) Writing Group. EBM: unmasking the ugly truth. BMJ. 2002; 325(7378):1496-1498. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.325.7378.1496
Decamp M. Physicians, social media, and conflict of interest. J Gen Intern Med. 2012; 28(2):299-303. DOI: 10.1007/s11606-012-2251-x
Rosenquist JN. The Stress of Bayesian Medicine - Uncomfortable Uncertainty in the Face of Covid-19.N Engl J Med. 2021; 384(1):7-9. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp2018857
Bentley M, Dummond N, Isaac V, Hodge H, Walters L. Doctors’ rural practice self-efficacy is associated with current and intended small rural locations of practice.Aust J Rural Health. 2019; 27:146-152. DOI: 10.1111/ajr.12486
Verbeek JH, Rajamaki B, Ijaz S, Sauni R,Toomey E, Blackwood B, et al.Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminatedbody fluids in healthcare staff. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020; 4(4):1-106. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011621.pub4
Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Organización Mundial de la Salud Guía para el cuidado crítico de pacientes adultos graves con coronavirus (covid-19) en las américas. Versión corta. Washington: Organi-zación Panamericana de la Salud, Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2020.
Dancer S. Pants, policies and paranoia. J Hosp Infect. 2010; 74(1):10-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2009.10.012
Wear D. On white coats and professional development: the formal and the hidden curricula. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129(9): 734-737. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-129-9-199811010-00010
Haque OS, Waytz A. Dehumanization in Medicine: Causes, Solutions, and Functions.Perspect Psychol Sci.2012; 7(2):176-186. DOI: 10.1177/1745691611429706
La Rosa M, Spencer N, Abdelwahab M, Zambrano G, Saoud F, Jelliffe K, et al. The Effect of Wearing White Coats on Patients’ Appreciation of Physician Communication during Postpartum Rounds: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Perinatol. 2019; 36(1):62-66. DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1660470
Petrilli CM, Mack M, Petrilli JJ, Hickner A, Saint S, Chopra V. Understanding the role of physician attire on patient perceptions: a systematic review of the literature-targeting attire to improve likelihood of rapport (TAILOR) investigators.BMJ Open. 2015; 5(1):1-18. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006578
Columbia University – Inving Medical Center - Celebrates 25th Anniversary of White Coat Ceremony New York, NY. 2018 Accesible en https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/columbia-celebrates-25th-anniversary-white-coat-ceremony