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2004, Number S1

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Rev Mex Anest 2004; 27 (S1)

Prevention of pain and emesis after ambulatory surgery

White PF

Language: English
References: 141
Page: 54-58
PDF size: 64.77 Kb.


Text Extraction

Since many patients are fully awake, breathing comfortably with stable vital signs as they leave the operating room. They often fulfill the requirements for discharge from the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) on arrival, and may be more appropriately recovered in a step-down (Phase II) unit. This concept, known as “fast-tracking”, enables patients to bypass the more costly (and labor-intensive) PACU and be transferred directly to a recovery area designed to assess patients’ home-readiness in preparation for discharge. In order to successfully implement a fast-tracking program, prevention of pain and emesis is critically important.


REFERENCES

  1. Song D, Joshi GP, White PF. Fast-track eligibility after ambulatory anesthesia: a comparison of desflurane, sevoflurane, and propofol. Anesth Analg 1998;86:267-273.

  2. Lubarsky DA. Fast track in the postanesthesia care unit: unlimited possibilities? J Clin Anesth 1996;8:70S-72S.

  3. Chung F, Ritchie E, Su J. Postoperative pain in ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 1997;85:808-816.

  4. Kehlet H, Dahl JB. The value of “multimodal” or “balanced analgesia” in postoperative pain treatment. Anesth Analg 1993;77:1048-1056.

  5. Eriksson H, Tenhunen A, Korttila K. Balanced analgesia improves recovery and outcome after outpatient tubal ligation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996;40:151-155.

  6. Michaloliakou C, Chung F, Sharma S. Preoperative multimodal analgesia facilitates recovery after ambulatory laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 1996;82:44-51.

  7. Kehlet H, Rung GW, Callesen T. Postoperative opioid analgesia: time for a reconsideration?. J Clin Anesth 1996;8:441-445.

  8. Claxton AR, McGuire G, Chung F, Cruise C. Evaluation of morphine versus fentanyl for postoperative analgesia after ambulatory surgical procedures. Anesth Analg 1997;84:509-514.

  9. Tverskoy M, Cozacov C, Ayache M, et al. Postoperative pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy with different types of anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1990;70:29-35.

  10. Ding Y, White PF. Post-herniorrhaphy pain in outpatients after preincision ilioinguinal-hypogastric nerve block during monitored anaesthesia care. Can J Anaesth 1995;42:12-15.

  11. Smith I, Van Hemelrijck J, White PF, Shively R. Effects of local anesthesia on recovery after outpatient arthroscopy. Anesth Analg 1991;73:536-539.

  12. Victory RA, Gajraj NM, Van Elstraete A, et al. Effect of preincision versus postincision infiltration with bupivacaine on postoperative pain. J Clin Anesth 1995;7:192-196.

  13. Hannibal K, Galatius H, Hansen A, et al. Preoperative wound infiltration with bupivacaine reduces early and late opioid requirement after hysterectomy. Anesth Analg 1996;83:376-381.

  14. Yndgaard S, Holst P, Bjerre-Jepsen K, et al. Subcutaneously versus subfascially administered lidocaine in pain treatment after inguinal herniotomy. Anesth Analg 1994;79:324-327.

  15. Vloka JD, Hadzic A, Mulcare R, et al. Femoral and genitofemoral nerve blocks versus spinal anesthesia for outpatients undergoing long saphenous vein stripping surgery. Anesth Analg 1997;84:749-752.

  16. Morisaki H, Masuda J, Fukushima K, et al. Wound infiltration with lidocaine prolongs postoperative analgesia after haemorrhoidectomy with spinal anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth 1996;43:914-918.

  17. Casey WF, Rice LJ, Hannallah RS, et al. A comparison between bupivacaine instillation versus ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block for postoperative analgesia following inguinal herniorrhaphy in children. Anesthesiology 1990;72:637-639.

  18. Joris J, Thiry E, Paris P, et al. Pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: characteristics and effect of intraperitoneal bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 1995;81:379-384.

  19. Mraovic B, Jurisic T, Kogler-Majeric V, Sustic A. Intraperitoneal bupivacaine for analgesia after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997;41:193-196.

  20. Pasqualucci A, Contardo R, Da BU, et al. The effects of intraperitoneal local anesthetic on analgesic requirements and endocrine response after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized double-blind controlled study. J Laparoendosc Surg 1994;4:405-412.

  21. Weber A, Munoz J, Garteiz D, Cueto J. Use of subdiaphragmatic bupivacaine instillation to control postoperative pain after laparoscopic surgery. Surg Laparosc Endosc 1997;7:6-8.

  22. Pasqualucci A, de Angelis V, Contardo R, et al. Preemptive analgesia: intraperitoneal local anesthetic in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesiology 1996;85:11-20.

  23. Alexander DJ, Ngoi SS, Lee L, et al. Randomized trial of periportal peritoneal bupivacaine for pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 1996;83:1223-1225.

  24. Needoff M, Radford P, Costigan P. Local anesthesia for postoperative pain relief after foot surgery: a prospective clinical trial. Foot Ankle Int 1995;16:11-13.

  25. Edkin BS, Spindler KP, Flanagan JF. Femoral nerve block as an alternative to parenteral narcotics for pain control after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 1995;11:404-409.

  26. Smith I, Shively RA, White PF. Effects of ketorolac and bupivacaine on recovery after outpatient arthroscopy. Anesth Analg 1992;75:208-212.

  27. Reuben SS, Connelly NR. Postoperative analgesia for outpatient arthroscopic knee surgery with intraarticular bupivacaine and ketorolac. Anesth Analg 1995;80:1154-1157.

  28. Khoury GF, Chen AC, Garland DE, Stein C. Intraarticular morphine, bupivacaine, and morphine/bupivacaine for pain control after knee videoarthroscopy. Anesthesiology 1992;77:263-266.

  29. Raja SN, Dickstein RE, Johnson CA. Comparison of postoperative analgesic effects of intraarticular bupivacaine and morphine following arthroscopic knee surgery. Anesthesiology 1992;77:1143-1147.

  30. Ritchie ED, Tong D, Chung F, et al. Suprascapular nerve block for postoperative pain relief in arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a new modality?. Anesth Analg 1997;84:1306-1312.

  31. Twersky RS, Lebovits A, Williams C, Sexton TR. Ketorolac versus fentanyl for postoperative pain management in outpatients. Clin J Pain 1995;11:127-133.

  32. Splinter WM, Reid CW, Roberts DJ, Bass J. Reducing pain after inguinal hernia repair in children - Caudal anesthesia versus ketorolac tromethamine. Anesthesiology 1997;87:542-546.

  33. Ben-David B, Baune-Goldstein U, Goldik Z, Gaitini L. Is preoperative ketorolac a useful adjunct to regional anesthesia for inguinal herniorrhaphy? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996;40:358-363.

  34. Comfort VK, Code WE, Rooney ME, Yip RW. Naproxen premedication reduces postoperative tubal ligation pain. Can J Anaesth 1992;39:349-352.

  35. Forse A, El-Beheiry H, Butler PO, Pace RF. Indomethacin and ketorolac given preoperatively are equally effective in reducing early postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Can J Surg 1996;39:26-30.

  36. White PF, Joshi GP, Carpenter RL, Fragen RJ. A comparison of oral ketorolac and hydrocodone-acetaminophen for analgesia after ambulatory surgery: arthroscopy versus laparoscopic tubal ligation. Anesth Analg 1997;85:37-43.

  37. Souter AJ, Fredman B, White PF. Controversies in the perioperative use of nonsterodial antiinflammatory drugs. Anesth Analg 1994;79:1178-1190.

  38. Splinter WM, Rhine EJ, Roberts DW, et al. Preoperative ketorolac increases bleeding after tonsillectomy in children. Can J Anaesth 1996;43:560-563.

  39. Rusy LM, Houck CS, Sullivan LJ, et al. A double-blind evaluation of ketorolac tromethamine versus acetaminophen in pediatric tonsillectomy: analgesia and bleeding. Anesth Analg 1995;80:226-229.

  40. White PF, Li S, Chiu JW. Electroanalgesia: its role in acute and chronic pain management. Anesth Analg 2001;92:483-7.

  41. Gold BS, Kitz DS, Lecky JH, Neuhaus JM. Unanticipated admission to the hospital following ambulatory surgery. JAMA 1989;262:3008-3010.

  42. Carroll NV, Miederhoff P, Cox FM, Hirsch JD. Postoperative nausea and vomiting after discharge from outpatient surgery centers. Anesth Analg 1995;80:903-909.

  43. Honkavaara P, Lehtinen AM, Hovorka J, Korttila K. Nausea and vomiting after gynaecological laparoscopy depends upon the phase of the menstrual cycle. Can J Anaesth 1991;38:876-879.

  44. Beattie WS, Lindblad T, Buckley DN, Forrest JB. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in women undergoing laparoscopy is influenced by the day of menstrual cycle. Can J Anaesth 1991;38:298-302.

  45. Divatia JV, Vaidya JS, Badwe RA, Hawaldar RW. Omission of nitrous oxide during anesthesia reduces the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. A meta-analysis. Anesthesiology 1996;85: 1055-1062.

  46. Ding Y, Fredman B, White PF. Use of mivacurium during laparoscopic surgery: effect of reversal drugs on postoperative recovery. Anesth Analg 1994;78:450-454.

  47. Yogendran S, Asokumar B, Cheng DC, Chung F. A prospective randomized double-blinded study of the effect of intravenous fluid therapy on adverse outcomes on outpatient surgery. Anesth Analg 1995;80:682-686.

  48. Myles PS, Hendrata M, Bennett AM, et al. Postoperative nausea and vomiting. Propofol or thiopentone: does choice of induction agent affect outcome?. Anaesth Intensive Care 1996;24:355-359.

  49. Gan TJ, Ginsberg B, Grant AP, Glass PS. Double-blind, randomized comparison of ondansetron and intraoperative propofol to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesthesiology 1996;85:1036-1042.

  50. Tang J, Watcha MF, White PF. A comparison of costs and efficacy of ondansetron and droperidol as prophylactic antiemetic therapy for elective outpatient gynecologic procedures. Anesth Analg 1996;83:304-313.

  51. Sniadach MS, Alberts MS. A comparison of the prophylactic antiemetic effect of ondansetron and droperidol on patients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopy. Anesth Analg 1997;85:797-800.

  52. Watcha MF, Smith I. Cost-effectiveness analysis of antiemetic therapy for ambulatory surgery. J Clin Anesth 1994;6:370-377.

  53. Tang J, Wang BG, White PF, et al. The effect of timing of ondansetron administration on its efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit as a prophylactic antiemetic in the ambulatory setting. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;86:274-282.

  54. Sun R, Klein KW, White PF. The effect of timing of ondansetron administration in outpatients undergoing otolaryngologic surgery. Anesth Analg 1997;84:331-336.

  55. Khalil S, Rodarte A, Weldon BC, et al. Intravenous ondansetron in established postoperative emesis in children. S3A-381 Study Group. Anesthesiology 1996;85:270-276.

  56. Polati E, Verlato G, Finco G, et al. Ondansetron versus metoclopramide in the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 1997;85:395-399.

  57. Rung GW, Claybon L, Hord A, et al. Intravenous ondansetron for postsurgical opioid-induced nausea and vomiting. S3A-255 Study Group. Anesth Analg 1997;84:832-838.

  58. Steinbrook RA, Freiberger D, Gosnell JL, Brooks DC. Prophylactic antiemetics for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: ondansetron versus droperidol plus metoclopramide. Anesth Analg 1996;83:1081-1083.

  59. White PF. Are nonpharmacologic techniques useful alternatives to antiemetic drugs for the prevention of nausea and vomiting? Anesth Analg 1997;84:712-714.

  60. Fan CF, Tanhui E, Joshi S, et al. Acupressure treatment for prevention of

  61. postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 1997;84:821-825.

  62. Song D, Greilich NB, White PF, Watcha MF, Tongier WK. Recovery profiles and costs of anesthesia for outpatient unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy. Anesth Analg 2000;91:876-81.

  63. Li S, Coloma M, White PF, Watcha MF, Chiu JW, Li H, Huber P: Comparison of the costs and recovery profiles of three anesthetic techniques for ambulatory anorectal surgery. Anesthesiology 2000;93:1225-30.

  64. Aasboe V, Raeder JC, Groegaard B. Betamethasone reduces postoperative pain and nausea after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 1998;87:319-23.

  65. Menigaux C, Fletcher D, Dupont X, Guinard B, Guirimand F, Chauvin M. The benefits of intraoperative small-dose ketamine on perioperative pain after anterior cruciate ligament repair. Anesth Analg 2000;90:129-35.

  66. Coloma M, White PF, Huber PJ, Tongier K, Dullye KK, Duffy LL. The effect of ketorolac on recovery after anorectal surgery: intravenous vs local administration. Anesth Analg 2000;90:1107-10.

  67. Zárate E, Sá Rêgo M, White PF, Duffy L, Shearer VE, Griffin JD, Whitten CW. Comparison of adenosine and remifentanil infusions as adjuvants to desflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1999;90:956-63.

  68. Coloma M, Duffy LL, White PF, Tongier WK, Huber PJ Jr. Dexamethasone facilitates discharge after outpatient anorectal surgery. Anesth Analg 2001;92:85-8.

  69. Coloma M, Chiu JW, White PF, Armbruster SC. Use of esmolol as an alternative to remifentanil during desflurane anesthesia for outpatient gynecologic laparoscopy surgery. Anesth Analg 2001;92:352-7.

  70. White PF, Watcha MF: Postoperative nausea and vomiting: Prophylaxis versus treatment [Editorial]. Anesth Analg 1999;89:1337-9.

  71. Coloma M, Greilich N, White PF. Recovery after inguinal herniorrhaphy: Effect of a multimodal prophylaxis regimen on outcome. Anesthesiology 2000;93:A38.

  72. Song D, Joshi GP, White PF. Fast-track eligibility after ambulatory anesthesia: a comparison of desflurane, sevoflurane, and propofol. Anesth Analg 1998;86:267-273.

  73. Lubarsky DA. Fast track in the postanesthesia care unit: unlimited possibilities? J Clin Anesth 1996;8:70S-72S.

  74. Chung F, Ritchie E, Su J. Postoperative pain in ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 1997;85:808-816.

  75. Kehlet H, Dahl JB. The value of “multimodal” or “balanced analgesia” in postoperative pain treatment. Anesth Analg 1993;77:1048-1056.

  76. Eriksson H, Tenhunen A, Korttila K. Balanced analgesia improves recovery and outcome after outpatient tubal ligation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996;40:151-155.

  77. Michaloliakou C, Chung F, Sharma S. Preoperative multimodal analgesia facilitates recovery after ambulatory laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 1996;82:44-51.

  78. Kehlet H, Rung GW, Callesen T. Postoperative opioid analgesia: time for a reconsideration?. J Clin Anesth 1996;8:441-445.

  79. Claxton AR, McGuire G, Chung F, Cruise C. Evaluation of morphine versus fentanyl for postoperative analgesia after ambulatory surgical procedures. Anesth Analg 1997;84:509-514.

  80. Tverskoy M, Cozacov C, Ayache M, et al. Postoperative pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy with different types of anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1990;70:29-35.

  81. Ding Y, White PF. Post-herniorrhaphy pain in outpatients after preincision ilioinguinal-hypogastric nerve block during monitored anaesthesia care. Can J Anaesth 1995;42:12-15.

  82. Smith I, Van Hemelrijck J, White PF, Shively R. Effects of local anesthesia on recovery after outpatient arthroscopy. Anesth Analg 1991;73:536-539.

  83. Victory RA, Gajraj NM, Van Elstraete A, et al. Effect of preincision versus postincision infiltration with bupivacaine on postoperative pain. J Clin Anesth 1995;7:192-196.

  84. Hannibal K, Galatius H, Hansen A, et al. Preoperative wound infiltration with bupivacaine reduces early and late opioid requirement after hysterectomy. Anesth Analg 1996;83:376-381.

  85. Yndgaard S, Holst P, Bjerre-Jepsen K, et al. Subcutaneously versus subfascially administered lidocaine in pain treatment after inguinal herniotomy. Anesth Analg 1994;79:324-327.

  86. Vloka JD, Hadzic A, Mulcare R, et al. Femoral and genitofemoral nerve blocks versus spinal anesthesia for outpatients undergoing long saphenous vein stripping surgery. Anesth Analg 1997;84:749-752.

  87. Morisaki H, Masuda J, Fukushima K, et al. Wound infiltration with lidocaine prolongs postoperative analgesia after haemorrhoidectomy with spinal anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth 1996;43:914-918.

  88. Casey WF, Rice LJ, Hannallah RS, et al. A comparison between bupivacaine instillation versus ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block for postoperative analgesia following inguinal herniorrhaphy in children. Anesthesiology 1990;72:637-639.

  89. Joris J, Thiry E, Paris P, et al. Pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: characteristics and effect of intraperitoneal bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 1995;81:379-384.

  90. Mraovic B, Jurisic T, Kogler-Majeric V, Sustic A. Intraperitoneal bupivacaine for analgesia after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997;41:193-196.

  91. Pasqualucci A, Contardo R, Da BU, et al. The effects of intraperitoneal local anesthetic on analgesic requirements and endocrine response after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized double-blind controlled study. J Laparoendosc Surg 1994;4:405-412.

  92. Weber A, Munoz J, Garteiz D, Cueto J. Use of subdiaphragmatic bupivacaine instillation to control postoperative pain after laparoscopic surgery. Surg Laparosc Endosc 1997;7:6-8.

  93. Pasqualucci A, de Angelis V, Contardo R, et al. Preemptive analgesia: intraperitoneal local anesthetic in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesiology 1996;85:11-20.

  94. Alexander DJ, Ngoi SS, Lee L, et al. Randomized trial of periportal peritoneal bupivacaine for pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 1996;83:1223-1225.

  95. Needoff M, Radford P, Costigan P. Local anesthesia for postoperative pain relief after foot surgery: a prospective clinical trial. Foot Ankle Int 1995;16:11-13.

  96. Edkin BS, Spindler KP, Flanagan JF. Femoral nerve block as an alternative to parenteral narcotics for pain control after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 1995;11:404-409.

  97. Smith I, Shively RA, White PF. Effects of ketorolac and bupivacaine on recovery after outpatient arthroscopy. Anesth Analg 1992;75:208-212.

  98. Reuben SS, Connelly NR. Postoperative analgesia for outpatient arthroscopic knee surgery with intraarticular bupivacaine and ketorolac. Anesth Analg 1995;80:1154-1157.

  99. Khoury GF, Chen AC, Garland DE, Stein C. Intraarticular morphine, bupivacaine, and morphine/bupivacaine for pain control after knee videoarthroscopy. Anesthesiology 1992;77:263-266.

  100. Raja SN, Dickstein RE, Johnson CA. Comparison of postoperative analgesic effects of intraarticular bupivacaine and morphine following arthroscopic knee surgery. Anesthesiology 1992;77:1143-1147.

  101. Ritchie ED, Tong D, Chung F, et al. Suprascapular nerve block for postoperative pain relief in arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a new modality?. Anesth Analg 1997;84:1306-1312.

  102. Twersky RS, Lebovits A, Williams C, Sexton TR. Ketorolac versus fentanyl for postoperative pain management in outpatients. Clin J Pain 1995;11:127-133.

  103. Splinter WM, Reid CW, Roberts DJ, Bass J. Reducing pain after inguinal hernia repair in children - Caudal anesthesia versus ketorolac tromethamine. Anesthesiology 1997;87:542-546.

  104. Ben-David B, Baune-Goldstein U, Goldik Z, Gaitini L. Is preoperative ketorolac a useful adjunct to regional anesthesia for inguinal herniorrhaphy? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996;40:358-363.

  105. Comfort VK, Code WE, Rooney ME, Yip RW. Naproxen premedication reduces postoperative tubal ligation pain. Can J Anaesth 1992;39:349-352.

  106. Forse A, El-Beheiry H, Butler PO, Pace RF. Indomethacin and ketorolac given preoperatively are equally effective in reducing early postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Can J Surg 1996;39:26-30.

  107. White PF, Joshi GP, Carpenter RL, Fragen RJ. A comparison of oral ketorolac and hydrocodone-acetaminophen for analgesia after ambulatory surgery: arthroscopy versus laparoscopic tubal ligation. Anesth Analg 1997;85:37-43.

  108. Souter AJ, Fredman B, White PF. Controversies in the perioperative use of nonsterodial antiinflammatory drugs. Anesth Analg 1994;79:1178-1190.

  109. Splinter WM, Rhine EJ, Roberts DW, et al. Preoperative ketorolac increases bleeding after tonsillectomy in children. Can J Anaesth 1996;43:560-563.

  110. Rusy LM, Houck CS, Sullivan LJ, et al. A double-blind evaluation of ketorolac tromethamine versus acetaminophen in pediatric tonsillectomy: analgesia and bleeding. Anesth Analg 1995;80:226-229.

  111. White PF, Li S, Chiu JW. Electroanalgesia: its role in acute and chronic pain management. Anesth Analg 2001;92:483-7.

  112. Gold BS, Kitz DS, Lecky JH, Neuhaus JM. Unanticipated admission to the hospital following ambulatory surgery. JAMA 1989;262:3008-3010.

  113. Carroll NV, Miederhoff P, Cox FM, Hirsch JD. Postoperative nausea and vomiting after discharge from outpatient surgery centers. Anesth Analg 1995;80:903-909.

  114. Honkavaara P, Lehtinen AM, Hovorka J, Korttila K. Nausea and vomiting after gynaecological laparoscopy depends upon the phase of the menstrual cycle. Can J Anaesth 1991;38:876-879.

  115. Beattie WS, Lindblad T, Buckley DN, Forrest JB. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in women undergoing laparoscopy is influenced by the day of menstrual cycle. Can J Anaesth 1991;38:298-302.

  116. Divatia JV, Vaidya JS, Badwe RA, Hawaldar RW. Omission of nitrous oxide during anesthesia reduces the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. A meta-analysis. Anesthesiology 1996;85: 1055-1062.

  117. Ding Y, Fredman B, White PF. Use of mivacurium during laparoscopic surgery: effect of reversal drugs on postoperative recovery. Anesth Analg 1994;78:450-454.

  118. Yogendran S, Asokumar B, Cheng DC, Chung F. A prospective randomized double-blinded study of the effect of intravenous fluid therapy on adverse outcomes on outpatient surgery. Anesth Analg 1995;80:682-686.

  119. Myles PS, Hendrata M, Bennett AM, et al. Postoperative nausea and vomiting. Propofol or thiopentone: does choice of induction agent affect outcome?. Anaesth Intensive Care 1996;24:355-359.

  120. Gan TJ, Ginsberg B, Grant AP, Glass PS. Double-blind, randomized comparison of ondansetron and intraoperative propofol to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesthesiology 1996;85:1036-1042.

  121. Tang J, Watcha MF, White PF. A comparison of costs and efficacy of ondansetron and droperidol as prophylactic antiemetic therapy for elective outpatient gynecologic procedures. Anesth Analg 1996;83:304-313.

  122. Sniadach MS, Alberts MS. A comparison of the prophylactic antiemetic effect of ondansetron and droperidol on patients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopy. Anesth Analg 1997;85:797-800.

  123. Watcha MF, Smith I. Cost-effectiveness analysis of antiemetic therapy for ambulatory surgery. J Clin Anesth 1994;6:370-377.

  124. Tang J, Wang BG, White PF, et al. The effect of timing of ondansetron administration on its efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit as a prophylactic antiemetic in the ambulatory setting. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;86:274-282.

  125. Sun R, Klein KW, White PF. The effect of timing of ondansetron administration in outpatients undergoing otolaryngologic surgery. Anesth Analg 1997;84:331-336.

  126. Khalil S, Rodarte A, Weldon BC, et al. Intravenous ondansetron in established postoperative emesis in children. S3A-381 Study Group. Anesthesiology 1996;85:270-276.

  127. Polati E, Verlato G, Finco G, et al. Ondansetron versus metoclopramide in the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 1997;85:395-399.

  128. Rung GW, Claybon L, Hord A, et al. Intravenous ondansetron for postsurgical opioid-induced nausea and vomiting. S3A-255 Study Group. Anesth Analg 1997;84:832-838.

  129. Steinbrook RA, Freiberger D, Gosnell JL, Brooks DC. Prophylactic antiemetics for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: ondansetron versus droperidol plus metoclopramide. Anesth Analg 1996;83:1081-1083.

  130. White PF. Are nonpharmacologic techniques useful alternatives to antiemetic drugs for the prevention of nausea and vomiting? Anesth Analg 1997;84:712-714.

  131. Fan CF, Tanhui E, Joshi S, et al. Acupressure treatment for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 1997;84:821-825.

  132. Song D, Greilich NB, White PF, Watcha MF, Tongier WK. Recovery profiles and costs of anesthesia for outpatient unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy. Anesth Analg 2000;91:876-81.

  133. Li S, Coloma M, White PF, Watcha MF, Chiu JW, Li H, Huber P: Comparison of the costs and recovery profiles of three anesthetic techniques for ambulatory anorectal surgery. Anesthesiology 2000;93:1225-30.

  134. Aasboe V, Raeder JC, Groegaard B. Betamethasone reduces postoperative pain and nausea after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 1998;87:319-23.

  135. Menigaux C, Fletcher D, Dupont X, Guinard B, Guirimand F, Chauvin M. The benefits of intraoperative small-dose ketamine on perioperative pain after anterior cruciate ligament repair. Anesth Analg 2000;90:129-35.

  136. Coloma M, White PF, Huber PJ, Tongier K, Dullye KK, Duffy LL. The effect of ketorolac on recovery after anorectal surgery: intravenous vs local administration. Anesth Analg 2000;90:1107-10.

  137. Zárate E, Sá Rêgo M, White PF, Duffy L, Shearer VE, Griffin JD, Whitten CW. Comparison of adenosine and remifentanil infusions as adjuvants to desflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1999;90:956-63.

  138. Coloma M, Duffy LL, White PF, Tongier WK, Huber PJ Jr. Dexamethasone facilitates discharge after outpatient anorectal surgery. Anesth Analg 2001;92:85-8.

  139. Coloma M, Chiu JW, White PF, Armbruster SC. Use of esmolol as an alternative to remifentanil during desflurane anesthesia for outpatient gynecologic laparoscopy surgery. Anesth Analg 2001;92:352-7.

  140. White PF, Watcha MF: Postoperative nausea and vomiting: Prophylaxis versus treatment [Editorial]. Anesth Analg 1999;89:1337-9.

  141. Coloma M, Greilich N, White PF. Recovery after inguinal herniorrhaphy: Effect of a multimodal prophylaxis regimen on outcome. Anesthesiology 2000;93:A38.




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