medigraphic.com
ISSN 0185-3252 (Print)
Revista de la Asociación Médica del Centro Médico ABC

2022, Number 1

<< Back Next >>

An Med Asoc Med Hosp ABC 2022; 67 (1)

Renin angiotensin aldosterone system and its possible role in complications by SARS-CoV-2 infection

Pavía LAA, Pavía AV, López JHA, Conde CI, Ángel JVM

Language: Spanish
References: 52
Page: 34-43
PDF size: 348.74 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Since the emergence of the pandemic due to the acute severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in December 2019, a higher prevalence of life-threatening complications was observed in people with hypertension. It has been suggested that the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 homolog serves as a receptor for the virus and facilitates its penetration into the cells. The main objective of the present literature review is to establish the relationship between human organ target damaged caused by de virus acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and its probable relationship with the renin angiotensin aldosterone system.


REFERENCES

  1. Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020; 579 (7798): 270-273.

  2. Guan W-J, Ni Z-Y, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382 (18): 1708-1720.

  3. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H , Xia J, Liu H et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8 (5): 475-481. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5.

  4. Jeffers SA, Tusell SM, Gillim-Ross L, Hemmila EM, Achenbach JE, Babcock GJ et al. CD209L (L-SIGN) is a receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004; 101 (44): 15748-15753.

  5. Tigerstedt R, Bergman PG. Niere und Kreislauf. Skand Arch Physiol. 1898; 8: 223-271.

  6. Page IH, Helmer OM. A crystalline pressor substance (angiotonin) resulting from the reaction between renin and renin-activator. J Exp Med. 1940; 71 (1): 29-42.

  7. Page IH, Helmer OM, Plentl AA, Kohlstaedt KG, Corcoran AC. Suggested change in designation of "renin-activator" (hypertensinogen) to "renin-substrate (a2 globulin)". Science. 1943; 98: 153.

  8. Braun-Menéndez E, Page IH. Suggested revision of nomenclature: angiotensin. Science. 1958; 127: 242.

  9. Skeggs LT, Dorer FE, Levine, Lentz KE, Kahn JR. The biochemistry of the renin–angiotensin system. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1980; 130: 1-27.

  10. Touyz RM. The role of angiotensin II in regulating vascular structural and functional changes in hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2003; 5: 155-164.

  11. Schelling P, Fischer H, Ganten D. Angiotensin and cell growth: a link to cardiovascular hypertrophy. J Hypertens. 1991; 9 (1): 3-15.

  12. Touyz RM, Tabet F, Schiffrin EL. Redox-dependent signaling by angiotensin II and vascular remodeling in hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2003; 30 (11): 860-866.

  13. Vaughan DE. Angiotensin, fibrinolysis, and vascular homeostasis. Am J Cardiol. 2001; 19 (87): 18C-24C.

  14. Lijnen PJ, Petrov VV, Fagard RH. Angiotensin II-induced stimulation of collagen secretion and production in cardiac fibroblasts is mediated via angiotensin II subtype 1 receptors. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2001; 2 (2): 117-122.

  15. Vickers C, Hales P, Kaushik V, Dick L, Gavin J, Tang J et al. Hydrolysis of biological peptides by human angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase. J Biol Chem. 2002; 277: 14838-14843.

  16. Rice GI, Thomas DA, Grant PJ, Turner AJ, Hooper NM. Evaluation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), its homologue ACE2 and neprilysin in angiotensin peptide metabolism. Biochem J. 2004; 383: 45-51.

  17. Zisman LS, Keller RS, Weaver B, Lin Q, Speth R, Bristow MR et al. Increased angiotensin-(1-7)-forming activity in failing human heart ventricles: evidence for upregulation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme Homologue ACE2. Circulation. 2003; 108: 1707-1712.

  18. Tipnis SR, Hooper NM, Hyde R, Karran E, Christie G, Turner AJ. A human homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Cloning and functional expression as a captopril-insensitive carboxypeptidase. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275 (43): 33238-33243.

  19. Komatsu T, Suzuki Y, Imai J, Sugano S, Hida M, Tanigami A et al. Molecular cloning, mRNA expression and chromosomal localization of mouse angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (mACE2). DNA Seq. 2002; 13 (4): 217-220.

  20. Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis ML, Lely AT, Navis G, van Goor H. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol. 2004; 203 (2): 631-637.

  21. Gallagher PE, Ferrario CM, Tallant EA. Regulation of ACE2 in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008; 295 (6): H2373-H2379.

  22. Sampaio WO, Nascimento AA, Santos RA. Systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of angiotensin-(1-7) in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003; 284 (6): H1985-1994.

  23. Keidar S, Kaplan M, Gamliel-Lazarovich A. ACE2 of the heart: from angiotensin I to angiotensin (1-7). Cardiovasc Res. 2007; 73 (3): 463-469.

  24. Tseng CT, Tseng J, Perrone L, Worthy M, Popov V, Peters CJ. Apical entry and release of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus in polarized Calu-3 lung epithelial cells. J Virol. 2005; 79 (15): 9470-9479.

  25. Chen L, Li X, Chen M, Feng Y, Xiong C. The ACE2 expression in human heart indicates new potencial mechanism of heart injury among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Cardiovasc Res. 2020; 116 (6): 1097-1100. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa078.

  26. Hoffman M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S,Krüger N, Herrler K, Erichsen K et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and it is blocked by a clinical proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020; 181 (2): 271-280.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.

  27. Bertram S, Heurich A, Lavender H, Gierer S, Danisch S, Perin P et al. Influenza and SARS-coronavirus activating proteases TMPRSS2 and HAT are expressed at multiple sites in human respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. PLoS One. 2012; 7 (4): e35876.

  28. Vaduganathan M, Vardeny O, Michel T, McMurray JJV, Pfeffer Ma, Solomon SD. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382: 1653-1659.

  29. Inciardi RM, Adamo M, Lupi L, Cani DS, Di Pasquale M, Tomasoni D et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and cardiac disease in Northern Italy. Eur Heart J. 2020; 41 (19): 1821-1829.

  30. Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, Wu X, Zhang L, He T et al. Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020; 5 (7): 811-818.

  31. Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhang C, Huang F, Wang F, Yuan J et al. Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury. Sci China Life Sci. 2020; 63 (3): 364-374.

  32. Drummond G, Vinh A, Guzik T, Sobey CG. Immune mechanisms of hypertension. Nat Rev Immunol. 2019; 19 (8): 517-532.

  33. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020; 395: 497-506.

  34. Carnevale D, Wenzel P. Mechanical stretch on endothelial cells interconnects innate and adaptive immune response in hypertension. Cardiovasc Res. 2018; 114 (11): 1432-1434.

  35. Loperena R, Van Beusecum JP, Itani HA, Engel N, Laroumanie F, Xiao L et al. Hypertension and increased endothelial mechanical stretch promote monocyte differentiation and activation: roles of STAT3, interleukin 6 and hydrogen peroxide. Cardiovasc Res. 2018; 114 (11): 1547-1563.

  36. Czesnikiewicz-Guzik M, Osmenda G, Siedlinski M, Nosalski R, Pelka P, Nowakowski D et al. Causal association between periodontitis and hypertension: evidence from Mendelian randomization and a randomized controlled trial of non-surgical periodontal therapy. Eur Heart J. 2019; 40 (42): 3450-3470.

  37. Itani HA, McMaster WG Jr, Saleh MA, Nazarewicz RR, Mikolajczyk TP, Kaszuba AM et al. Activation of human T cells in hypertension: studies of humanized mice and hypertensive humans. Hypertension. 2016; 68 (1): 123-132.

  38. Youn JC, Yu HT, Lim BJ, Koh MJ, Lee J, Chang DY et al. Immunosenescent CD8þ T cells and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3 chemokines are increased in human hypertension. Hypertension. 2013; 62 (1): 126-133.

  39. Epidemiology Working Group for NCIP Epidemic Response, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2020; 41 (2): 145-151.

  40. Grasselli G, Pesenti A, Cecconi M. Critical care utilization for the COVID-19 outbreak in Lombardy, Italy: early experience and forecast during an emergency response. JAMA. 2020; 323 (16): 1545-1546.

  41. Remuzzi A, Remuzzi G. COVID-19 and Italy: what next? Lancet. 2020; 395 (10231): 1225-1228.

  42. Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA. 2020; 323 (18): 1775-1776.

  43. Schulte-Hubbert B, Meiswinkel N, Kutschan U, Kolditz M. Prognostic value of blood pressure drops during the first 24 h after hospital admission for risk stratification of community-acquired pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study. Infection. 2020; 48 (2): 267-274.

  44. Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Intensive Care Med. 2017; 43 (3): 304-377.

  45. Arentz M, Yim E, Klaff L, Lokhandwala S, Riedo FX, Chong M, Lee M. Characteristics and outcomes of 21 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Washington State. JAMA. 2020; 323 (16): 1612-1614.

  46. Madjid M, Safavi-Naeini P, Solomon SD, Vardeny O. Potential effects of coronaviruses on the cardiovascular system: a review. JAMA Cardiol. 2020; 5 (7): 831-840.

  47. Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. 2003; 426 (6965): 450-454.

  48. Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti-Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M et al. ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2018; 36 (10): 1953-2041.

  49. Kuster GM, Pfister O, Burkard T, Zhou Q, Twerenbold R, Haaf P et al. SARS-CoV2: should inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system be withdrawn in patients with COVID-19? Eur Heart J. 2020; 41 (19): 1801-1803.

  50. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE Jr, Collins KJ, Dennison-Himmelfarb et al. ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018; 71: e127-e248.

  51. Soto M, Bang SI, McCombs J, Rodgers KE. Renin angiotensin system-modifying therapies are associated with improved pulmonary health. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017; 3: 6.

  52. Henry C, Zaizafoun M, Stock E, Ghamande S, Arroliga AC, White HD. Impact of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and statins on viral pneumonia. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent. 2018; 31 (4): 419-423.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com