2020, Number 2
<< Back
Arch Inv Mat Inf 2020; 11 (2)
Review of current treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus
Hinojal TI, Zamorano AB, Martínez MMÁ
Language: Spanish
References: 41
Page: 82-90
PDF size: 149.25 Kb.
ABSTRACT
Vulvar lichen sclerosus is a chronic, progressive, benign dermatosis, characterized by marked inflammation, epithelial thinning, and distinctive dermal changes. The occurrence of this pathology is largely unknown, presenting two peaks of incidence: in prepubertal girls and perimenopausal or postmenopausal women. Recent evidence suggests that early treatment of lichen sclerosus, with good adherence to the use of corticosteroid regimens, prevents scarring and reduces the risk of associated squamous cell carcinoma. In this article, the different therapeutic guidelines currently available are analyzed; although the treatment of choice continues to be clobetasol propionate, other promising alternatives are presented, based on powerful steroids and calcineurin inhibitors. Monitoring must be individualized and maintained indefinitely.
REFERENCES
Cooper SM, Arnold SJ. Vulvar lichen sclerosus. Up to date 2020.
Krapf JM, Mitchell L, Holton MA, Goldstein AT. Vulvar lichen sclerosus: current perspectives. Int J Womens Health. 2020; 12: 11-20.
Sherman V, McPherson T, Baldo M, Salim A, Gao XH, Wojnarowska F. The high rate of familial lichen sclerosus suggests a genetic contribution: an observational cohort study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010; 24 (9): 1031-1034.
Fergus KB, Lee AW, Baradaran N, Cohen AJ, Stohr BA. Erickson BA, et al. Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment of lichen sclerosus: a systematic review. Urology. 2020; 135: 11-19.
Goldstein AT. Biomarkers of lichen sclerosus. ClinicalTrials.gov [In line]. 2018. [Accessed January 3, 2020] Available in: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03561428
Whimster IW. An experimental approach to the problem of spottiness. Br J Dermatol. 1965; 77 (8): 397-420.
Tran DA, Xiaohui T, Macri CJ, Goldstein AT, Fu SW. Lichen sclerosus: an autoimmunopathogenic and genomic enigma with emerging genetic and immune targets. Int J Biol Sci. 2019; 15 (7): 1429-1439.
Meyrick Thomas RH, Ridley CM, McGibbon DH, Black MM. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and autoimmunity--a study of 350 women. Br J Dermatol. 1988; 118 (1): 41-46. [Erratum in Br J Dermatol. 1988; 118 (5): 736].
Higgins CA, Cruickshank ME. A population-based case-control study of aetiological factors associated with vulval lichen sclerosus. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2012; 32(3): 271-275.
Godeau G, Frances C, Hornebeck W, Brechemier D, Robert L. Isolation and characterization of an elastase-type protease in human vulva fibroblasts: its possible involvement in vulvar elastic tissue destruction of patients with lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. J Invest Dermatol. 1982; 78 (4): 270-275.
Dalziel KL. Effect of lichen sclerosus on sexual function and parturition. J Reprod Med. 1995; 40 (5): 351-354.
Gagne H, Dalton V, Haefner H, et al. Vulvar pain and sexual function in patients with lichen sclerosus. J Reprod Med. 2007; 52: 121-122.
Van de Nieuwenhof HP, Meeuwis KAP, Nieboer TE, Verger CM, Massuger LA, De Hullu JA. The effect of vulvar lichen sclerosus on quality of life and sexual functioning. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2010; 31 (4): 279-284.
Burrows LJ, Creasey A, Goldstein AT. The treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus and female sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2011; 8 (1): 219-222.
Regauer S, Liegl B, Reich O. Early vulvar lichen sclerosus: a histopathological challenge. Histopathology. 2005; 47 (4): 340-347.
Neill SM, Lewis FM, Tatnall FM, Cox NH. British Association of Dermatologists. British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus 2010. Br J Dermatol. 2010; 163 (4): 672-682.
Bracco GL, Carli P, Sonni L, Maestrini G, De Marco A, Taddei GL, Cattaneo A. Clinical and histologic effects of topical treatments of vulval lichen sclerosus. A critical evaluation. J Reprod Med. 1993; 38(1): 37-40.
Chi CC, Kirtschig G, Baldo M, Brackenbury F, Lewis F, Wojnarowska. Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (12): CD008240.
Lorenz B, Kaufman RH, Kutzner SK. Lichen sclerosus. Therapy with clobetasol propionate. J Reprod Med. 1998; 43 (9): 790-794.
Dalziel KL, Millard PR, Wojnarowska F. The treatment of vulval lichen sclerosus with a very potent topical steroid (clobetasol propionate 0.05%) cream. Br J Dermatol. 1991; 124 (5): 461-464.
Diakomanolis ES, Haidopoulos D, Syndos M, Rodolakis A, Stefanidis K, Chatzipapas J, Michalas S. Vulvar lichen sclerosus in postmenopausal women: a comparative study for treating advanced disease with clobetasol propionate 0.05%. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2002; 23 (6): 519-522.
Virgili A, Borghi A, Toni, Minghetti S, Corazza M. First randomized trial of clobetasol propionate and mometasone furoate in the treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus: efficacy and tolerability results. Br J Dermatol. 2014; 171 (2): 388-396.
Borghi A, Corazza M, Minghetti S, Toni G, Virgili A. Continuous vs. tapering application of potent topical corticosteroid mometasone furoate in the treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus: results of a randomized trial. Br J Dermatol. 2015; 173 (6): 1381-1386.
Corazza M, Borghi A, Minghetti S, Toni G, Virgili A. Clobetasol propionate vs. mometasone furoate in 1-year proactive maintenance therapy of vulvar lichen sclerosus: results of a comparative trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016; 30 (6): 956-961.
Lee A, Bradford J, Fischer G. Long-term management of adult vulvar lichen sclerosus: a prospective cohort study of 507 women. JAMA Dermatol. 2015; 151 (10): 1061-1067.
Colleen K. Boardman L. Diagnosis and treatment of vulvar dermatosis. Obstet Gynecol. 2018; 131: 371-386.
Comino DR, Cararach TM, Coronado MP, Martínez EJC, Salamanca BA, Torres GLM et al. Vulvar pathology. MenoGuía AEEM. Primera edición: April 2014. ISBN: 978-84-940319-0-8.
Funaro D, Lovett A, Leroux N, Powell J. A double-blind, randomized prospective study evaluating topical clobetasol propionate 0.05% versus topical tacrolimus 0.1% in patients with vulvar lichen sclerosus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014; 71: 84-91.
Goldstein AT, Creasey A, Pfau R, Phillips D, Burrows LJ. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial of clobetasol versus pimecrolimus in patients with vulvar lichen sclerosus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011; 64 (6): e99-104.
Pergialiotis V. An arm-based network meta-analysis on treatments for vulvar lichen sclerosus and a call for development of core outcome sets: Treatment options for vulvar lichen sclerosus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019; 19: 31321-31323.
Edwards SH, Bates C, Lewis F, Sethi C. National Guideline on the Management of Vulval Conditions Clinical Effectiveness Group British Association for Sexual Health and HIV. UK. 2014.
Akel R, Fuller C. Updates in lichen sclerosis: British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the treatment of lichen sclerosus. Br J Dermatol. 2018; 178 (4): 823-824.
Terras S, Gambichler T, Moritz RK, Stücker M, Kreuter A. UV-A1 phototherapy vs clobetasol propionate, 0.05%, in the treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2014; 150 (6): 621-627.
Hillemanns P, Untch M, Prove F, Baumgartner R, Hillemanns M, Korell M. Photodynamic therapy of vulvar lichen sclerosus with 5-aminolevulinic acid. Obstet Gynecol. 1999; 93 (1): 71-74.
Flynn A, King M, Rieff M, Krapf J, Goldstein AT. Patient satisfaction of surgical treatment of clitoral phimosis and labial adhesions caused by lichen sclerosus. Sexual Med. 2015; 3 (4): 251.
Rangatchew F, Knudsen J, Thomsen MV, Drzewiecki KT. Surgical treatment of disabling conditions caused by anogenital lichen sclerosus in women: an account of surgical procedures and results, including patient satisfaction, benefits, and improvements in health-related quality of life. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2017; 70 (4): 501-508.
Nayeemuddin F, Yates VM. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus responding to methotrexate. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2008; 33 (5): 651-652.
Goldstein AT, Burrows LJ, Belkin ZR, Pfau R, Bremmer M, Goldfinger C, Dreher F. Safety and efficacy of human fibroblast lysate cream for vulvar lichen sclerosus: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Acta Derm Venereol. 2015; 95 (7): 847-849.
Kartamaa M, Reitamo S. Treatment of lichen sclerosus with carbon dioxide laser vaporization. Br J Dermatol. 1997; 136 (3): 356-359.
Ellis E, Fischer G. Prepubertal-onset vulvar lichen sclerosus: the importance of maintenance therapy in long-term outcomes. Pediatr Dermatol. 2015; 32 (4): 461-467.
Renaud-Vilmer C, Cavelier-Balloy B, Porcher R, Dubertret L. Vulvar lichen sclerosus: effect of long-term topical application of a potent steroid on the course of the disease. Arch Dermatol. 2004; 140 (6): 709-712.