Romero-Gameros CA, López-Moreno MA, Anaya-Dyck A, Flores-Najera SS, Mendoza-Zubieta V, Martínez-Ordaz JL, Waizel-Haiat S

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 40
Paginas: 147-155
Archivo PDF: 262.15 Kb.

RESUMEN

A finales de 2019 se identificó un nuevo coronavirus, designado SARS-CoV-2, como el causante de un brote de enfermedad respiratoria aguda en Wuhan, China, posteriormente llamada COVID-19 por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Fue declarada pandemia el 11 de marzo de 2020. Se ha reportado que de 5.1 a 98% de los enfermos de COVID-19 tienen alteraciones del olfato y gusto, que se manifiestan incluso antes de todos los síntomas, lo que conlleva a la gran importancia de reconocer a estas alteraciones como biomarcador de la enfermedad. Se han propuesto tres vías de invasión del SARS-CoV-2 al sistema nervioso: 1) la vía hematógena, 2) la vía directa y 3) el transporte axonal retrógrado al sistema nervioso central. A la fecha, ninguno de los tratamientos farmacológicos propuestos contra las alteraciones del olfato y gusto tienen suficiente evidencia científica que respalde su prescripción. En cuanto al pronóstico de las alteraciones del gusto y olfato la recuperación tiende a ser completa en un lapso de 0 a 30 días, durante los primeros ocho días se reporta mejoría en 27 a 31.9% de los pacientes después del alivio de los síntomas generales.

REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

1. World Health Organization [Internet]. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [Actualizado 16 mar 2020; citado 24 jun 2020]. [aprox. 2 pantallas]. Disponible en: https://www.who. int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-jointmission- on-covid-19-final-report.pdf

2. World Health Organization [Internet]. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [Actualizado 11 mar 2020; citado 24 jun 2020]. [aprox. 2 pantallas] Disponible en: https://www.who.int/ dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-sopening- remarks- at-themedia-briefing-on-covid-19—11-march-2020

3. Subsecretaria de prevención y promoción de la salud [Internet]. Comunicado técnico diario COVID-19. [Actualizado 18 jun 2020; citado 19 jun 2020]. [aprox. 3 pantallas]. Disponible en: https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/ file/558554/Comunicado_Tecnico_Diario_COVID- 19_2020.06.18.pdf

4. Gengler I, Wang JC, Sedaghat AR, Speth MM. Sinonasal pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: A systema tic review of the current evidence. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2020; 12 (4): 1-6. doi: 10.1002/lio2.384

5. Krajewska J, Krajewski W, Zub K, Zatoński T. COVID-19 in otolaryngologist practice: a review of current knowledge. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 277 (7): 1885-97. doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-05968-y

6. Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F, Bernacchia D, Siano M, Oreni L, et al. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a cross-sectional study. Clin Infect Dis 2020; ciaa330. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa330

7. Kanne JP, Little BP, Chung JH, Elicker BM, Ketai LH. Essentials for Radiologists on COVID-19: An update-radiology scientific expert panel. Radiology 2020; 27: 00527 doi: 10.1148/ radio l.20202 00527

8. Ai T, Yang Z, Hou H, Zhan C, Chen C, Lv W, et al. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease (COVID- 19) in China: a report of 1014 cases. Radiology 2020; 26: 200642. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200642

9. Karimi-Galougahi M, Raad N, Mikaniki N. Anosmia and the need for COVID-19 screening during the pandemic. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 194599820925056. doi: 10.1177/0194599820925056

10. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [Internet]. 2020. Disponible en: https://www.entnet. org/content/aao-hns-anosmia-hyposmia-and-dysgeusiasymptoms- coronavirus-disease. Accessed June 19, 2020.

11. Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, et al. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol 2020; 77 (6): 1-9. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127

12. Bagheri SHR, Asghari AM, Farhadi M, Shamshiri AR, Kabir A, Kamrava SK, et al. Coincidence of COVID-19 epidemic and olfactory dysfunction outbreak. medRxiv 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.23.20041889

13. Vaira LA, Salzano G, Deiana G, De Riu G. Anosmia and ageusia: common findings in COVID-19 patients. Laryngoscope 2020; 130 (7): 1787. doi: 10.1002/lary.28692

14. Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, D Le Bon S, Rodriguez A, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 1-11. doi:10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1

15. Vaira LA, Deiana G, Fois AG, Pirina P, Madeddu G, De Vito A, et al. Objective evaluation of anosmia and ageusia in COVID-19 patients: Single-center experience on 72 cases. Head Neck 2020; 42: 1252-1258. doi: 10.1002/hed.26204

16. Lechien JR, Cabaraux P, Chiesa-Estomba CM, Khalife M, Plzak J, Hans S, et al. Psychophysical olfactory tests and detection of COVID-19 in patients with sudden onset olfactory dysfunction: a prospective study. Ear Nose Throat J 2020; 145561320929169. doi:10.1177/0145561320929169

17. Moein ST, Hashemian SM, Mansourafshar B, Khorram‐Tousi A, Tabarsi P, Doty RL. Smell dysfunction: a biomarker for COVID‐ 19. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 10.1002/alr.22587. doi: 10.1002/alr.22587

18. Kaye R, Chang CWD, Kazahaya K, Brereton J, Denneny JC 3rd. COVID-19 Anosmia reporting tool: initial findings. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 194599820922992. doi:10.1177/0194599820922992

19. Sayin İ, Yaşar KK, Yazici ZM. Taste and smell impairment in COVID-19: An AAO-HNS anosmia reporting tool-based comparative study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 194599820931820. doi:10.1177/0194599820931820

20. Melley LE, Bress E, Polan E. Hypogeusia as the initial presenting symptom of COVID-19. BMJ Case Rep. 2020; 13 (5): e236080. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2020-236080

21. Kim GU, Kim MJ, Ra SH, Lee J, Bae S, Jung J, et al. Clinical characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with mild COVID-19. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 1;26 (7): 948.e1-948.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.040

22. Speth MM, Singer-Cornelius T, Obere M, Gengler I, Brockmeier SJ, Sedaghat AR. Olfactory Dysfunction and sinonasal symptomatology in COVID-19: Prevalence, severity, timing, and associated characteristics. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020: 0194599820929185. doi: 10.1177/0194599820929185

23. Gane SB, Kelly C, Hopkins C. Isolated sudden onset anosmia in COVID-19infection. A novel syndrome? Rhinology 2020; 58 (3): 299-301. doi:10.4193/Rhin20.114

24. Hoffmann M, Kleine-weber H, Schroeder S, Mu MA, Drosten C, Po S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020; 181 (2): 271-80. doi: 10.1016/j. cell.2020.02.052

25. Hamid Reza Niazkar, Behdad Zibaee, Ali Nasimi and NB. The neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a review article. Neurol Sci. Neurological Sciences 2020; 1-5. doi: 10.1007/ s10072-020-04486-3

26. Baig AM, Khaleeq A, Ali U, Syeda H. Evidence of the COVID- 19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, hostvirus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11 (7): 995-8. doi: 10.1021/ acschemneuro.0c00122.

27. Lahiri D, Ardila A. COVID-19 pandemic: A neurological perspective mechanism of neuro-invasion. Cureus 2020; 12 (4): e7889. doi: 10.7759/cureus.7889. doi: 10.7759/cureus.7889

28. Zhou Z, Kang H, Li S, Zhao X. Understanding the neurotropic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2: from neurological manifestations of COVID-19 to potential neurotropic mechanisms. J Neurol 2020; 1-6. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09929-7

29. Li YC, Bai W-Z, Tsutomu H. The neuroinvasive potential of SARS‐CoV-2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID‐19 patients. J Med Virol 2020; 92 (6): 552-5. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25728

30. Gu J, Gong E, Zhang B, Zheng J, Gao Z, Zhong Y, et al. Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. J Exp Med 2005; 202 (3): 415-24. doi: 10.1084/jem.20050828

31. Ahmad I, Azam F. Neurological manifestations and complications of COVID-19: A literature review. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 77: 8-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.05.017

32. Abboud H, Abboud FZ, Kharbouch H, Arkha Y, Abbadi N El, Ouahabi A El. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 infection: Pathophysiology and clinical effects on the nervous system. World Neurosurg 2020; 140: 49-53. doi: 10.1016/j. wneu.2020.05.193

33. Nicolau LAD, Magalhães PJC, Vale ML. What would Sérgio Ferreira say to your physician in this war against COVID-19: How about kallikrein/kinin system? Med Hypotheses 2020; 143: 109886. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109886

34. Ferreria SH, Lorenzettti BB, Poole S. Bradykinin initiates cytokine-mediated inflammatory hyperalgesia. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 110 (3): 1227-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1476- 5381.1993.tb13946.x

35. Lindsey J, Medicina EP De, Paulo I, Debora R, Martins DT. Localization of bradykinin of central pressor action in medulla oblongata. Am J Physiol 1993; 265 (3 Pt 2): 1000-6. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1993.265.3.H1000

36. Soler ZM, Patel ZM, Turner JH, Holbrook EH. A primer on viral-associated olfactory loss in the era of COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 9]. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 10.1002/alr.22578. doi: 10.1002/ alr.22578

37. Lavinsky J, Kosugi EM, Baptistella E, Roithmann R, Dolci E, Ribeiro TK, et al. An update on COVID-19 for the otorhinolaryngologist - a Brazilian Association of Otolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery (ABORL-CCF) Position Statement. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 86 (3): 273-80. doi: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.04.002

38. Kosugi EM, Lavinsky J, Romano FR, et al. Incomplete and late recovery of sudden olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2020; S1808-8694 (20) 30059-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.05.001

39. Damm M, Pikart LK, Reimann H, Burkert S, Göktas Ö, Haxel B, et al. Olfactory training is helpful in postinfectious olfactory loss – a randomized controlled multicenter study. Laryngoscope 2014; 124 (4): 826-31. doi: 10.1002/ lary.24340

40. Altundag A, Cayonu M, Kayabasoglu G, Salihoglu M. Modified olfactory training in patients with postinfectious olfactory loss. Laryngoscope 2015; 125 (8): 1763-6. doi: 10.1002/lary.25245.