2020, Número 2
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Rev Biomed 2020; 31 (2)
Síndrome de abstinencia alcohólica: Resultado del estrés oxidativo y desequilibrio neuronal. Estado del arte
Díaz-Soto MT, Calderín-Miranda JM
Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 100
Paginas: 95-107
Archivo PDF: 437.38 Kb.
RESUMEN
El alcoholismo constituye una enfermedad
crónica que conlleva a afectaciones conductuales
que se prolongan durante la abstinencia. El
consumo de etanol incrementa la acumulación
de acetaldehído y especies reactivas de oxígeno,
provocando daño a nivel cerebral. Dos importantes
neurotransmisores involucrados en el daño
neuronal son el ácido γ-amino butírico (GABA),
un neurotransmisor inhibitorio, y el glutamato, el
más importante neurotransmisor excitatorio. Las
afectaciones del receptor GABAérgico contribuyen
a la tolerancia y dependencia al etanol y síntomas
de hiperexcitabilidad durante la abstinencia,
mientras que las afectaciones del receptor NMDA
glutamatérgico contribuyen a la tolerancia y
dependencia al etanol así como al establecimiento de
los síntomas de abstinencia. Las afectaciones en el
metabolismo del etanol desencadenan alteraciones
conductuales, ya que la disfunción de la enzima
acetaldehído deshidrogenasa provoca acumulación
a nivel cerebral de acetaldehído, responsable en
gran medida del daño cerebral ocasionado durante
el alcoholismo. En el presente trabajo, se revisa de
forma sistemática y organizada por temáticas, en
orden lógico y partiendo de conceptos básicos, la
literatura experimental existente en bases de datos
como PubMed y Medline, acerca de los elementos
protagonistas en la relación entre estrés oxidativo
y desequilibrio neuronal que constituyen la base de
las afectaciones conductuales en el desarrollo de la
adicción y durante la abstinencia. Nuestro objetivo
es contribuir a clarificar el conocimiento existente
acerca de las relaciones entre determinados factores
biológicos (como neurotransmisores e indicadores
de desequilibrio redox) y los efectos del alcohol,
poniendo de manifiesto la importancia de algunos
factores de riesgo para el desarrollo del alcoholismo.
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