López VE, Pedroza MÁ, Huerta LJG

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 93
Paginas: 16-30
Archivo PDF: 560.82 Kb.

RESUMEN

La urticaria es una de las enfermedades cutáneas más comunes con la presencia de ronchas, habones, angioedema o ambas, se calcula que aproximadamente una quinta parte de la población en algún momento de su vida la presentará. Dentro de los agentes etiológicos descritos para la urticaria crónica (UC) se deben considerar algunos factores de riesgo como agentes infecciosos, genéticos ligados a HLA, alimentarios, a medicamentos, atopia y enfermedades autoinmunes. La clasificación de la urticaria de acuerdo al tiempo de evolución es aguda (menos de seis semanas) y crónica (de seis semanas o más) y ésta a su vez se subdivide en urticaria crónica espontánea y urticaria inducible. La UC se ha explorado en varios aspectos, ya sea en cuanto a su patogénesis, su condición de enfermedad autoinmune o autorreactiva, o su interrelación con la coagulación y sistema de fibrinólisis. Existen herramientas, basadas en la percepción del paciente, para evaluar la actividad de la enfermedad, entre ellas la escala de actividad de la urticaria (UAS), escala de actividad de la urticaria-7 (UAS-7) y la prueba de control de urticaria (UCT). Para realizar el diagnóstico hay que identificar el tipo y el subtipo de urticaria, así como las causas subyacentes (sólo en la urticaria espontánea crónica de larga evolución o grave), apoyándonos en una historia clínica detallada del paciente, un examen físico y también algunos estudios de laboratorios para descartar cualquier asociación de enfermedad autoinmune o autoinflamatoria sistémica. La piedra angular del tratamiento de la UC son los antihistamínicos de segunda generación, seguidos de otros medicamentos como omalizumab, ciclosporina A, inmunosupresores, y corticosteroides como rescate con un ciclo corto. Se deben realizar más estudios de UC en pacientes pediátricos, ya que la mayoría de éstos se han efectuado en pacientes adultos.

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