2006, Número 2
Avances en el estudio de la fisiología y patología endotelial en modelos animales
Flores-Pérez FI, Pérez-Martínez M
Idioma: Español/Inglés
Referencias bibliográficas: 75
Paginas: 239-261
Archivo PDF: 450.46 Kb.
RESUMEN
Se efectuó una revisión de los modelos animales a partir de los cuales se han logrado avances en el conocimiento de la fisiopatología endotelial. Se explican aspectos básicos desde la historia, tipos de modelos animales, modelos animales tradicionalmente usados y modelos animales manipulados genéticamente. Asimismo, se incluyen aspectos relacionados con la bioética y el trato humanitario de los animales empleados en la investigación biomédica.
REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)
Aluja A. Animales de laboratorio y la norma oficial mexicana (NOM-062-ZOO-1999). Gac Méd Méx 2002;138:295-298.
Aluja A. La ética en la investigación científica y en la enseñanza con animales vertebrados. En: Aluja M, Birke A, editores. El papel de la ética en la investigación científica y la educación superior. México DF: Academia Mexicana de Ciencias, 2003: 175-193.
Alexander WR, Dzau VJ. Vascular Biology. The past 50 years. Circulation 2000;102:112-116.
Krinke GJ. The laboratory rat. Slovenia: Academic press, 2000.
Triggle C, Hollenberg M, Anderson T, Ding H, Jiang Y, Ceroni L, et al. The endothelium in health and disease -A target for therapeutic intervention . J Smooth Muscle Res 2003 ; 39: 249-267.
Cajero-Juarez M, Avila B, Ochoa A, Garrido-Guerrero E, Varela -Echavarria A, Martinez de la Escalera G, et al. Immortalization of bovine umbilical vein endothelial cells: a model for the study of vascular endothelium. Eur J Cell Biol 2002;81:1-8.
Rush WE, Turk JR, Laughlin MH. Exercise training regulates SOD-1 and oxidative stress in porcine aortic endothelium. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 284: 1378-1387.
Dixon JL, Stoops JD, Parker JL, Laughlin MH, Weisman GA, Sturek M. Dyslipidemia and vascular dysfunction in diabetic pigs fed an atherogenic diet. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19: 2981-2992.
Mehta D, Angelini GD, Bryan AJ. Experimental models of accelerated atherosclerosis syndromes. Int J Cardiol l996;56:235-257.
Badimón L, Martínez-González J. Endotelio en la protección vascular: nuevos conocimientos. Rev Esp Cardiol 2002; 55: 17-26.
Fuster V, Ip JH, Baldimon JJ, Stein B, Chesbro JH. Importance of experimental models for the development of clinical trials on thromboatheros-clerosis. Circulation 1991;83:15-25
Alegría E, Rodriguez JA, Grau A, Belzunce M, Martinez Caro D. Modelo porcino de disfunción endotelial inducida por hipercolesterolemia. Efecto de las vitaminas C y E. ANALES Sis San Navarra 1999; 22 Suppl 3:113-21.
Logan SJ, Sharma A. Potential use of genetically modified pigs as original donors for transplantation into humans. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1999;26:1020-1025.
Lafrati MD, Karas RH, Aronovitz M, Kim S, Sullivan TR, Lubahn DB, et al. Estrogen inhibits the vascular injury response in estrogen receptor alpha deficient mice. Nat Med 1997;5:545-548.
Xiang D, Miller A, Nova KL, Rocha R, Chen YF, Oparil S. Estradiol and progestis differentially modulate leukocyte infiltration after vascular injury. Circulation 2004;109:234-241.
Chambliss KL, Shaul PW. Estrogen modulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Endocr Rev 2002; 23:665-686.
Bravo G, Larios F, Rojas-Martinez R, Hong E, Salazar LA, Guisar-Sahagún G. Early changes in nitric oxide synthase activity in atrial intramural arteries following experimental spinal cord injury in rats. Neurosci Lett 1999;271:37-40.
García T. Fundamentos de inmunobiología. México (DF): Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1994.
Huo Y, Ley K. Adhesion molecules and atherogenesis. Acta Physiol Scand 2001;173:35-43.
Zhou X, Stremmes S, Hasson GK.Evidence for local immune response in atherosclerosis CD 4+ T cells infiltrate lesions of apolipoprotein -E- deficient mice. Am J Phatol 1996;149:359-366.
Zhou X, Nicolleti A, Elihage R, Hasson GK. Transfer of CD+ T cells aggravates atherosclerosis in immunodeficient apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Circulation 2000;102:2919- 2922.
Reardon CA, Blachowicz L, White T, Cabana V, Wang Y, Lukens J, et al. Effect of immune deficiency on lipoproteins and atherosclerosis in male apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:1011-1016.
Wang Cj, Wang FS, Yang KD, Weng L, Hsu C, Huang C, et al. Shock wave therapy induces neovascularization at the tendon- bone junction a study in rabbits. J Orthop Res 2003; 21:984-989.
Yanni AE. The laboratory rabbit: an animal model of atherosclerosis research. Lab Anim 2004;28:246-256.
Zubkov AY, Tibbs RE, Clower B, Ogihara K, Aoki K, Zhang JH. Morphological changes of cerebral arteries in a canine double hemorrhage model. Neurosci Lett 2002; 326:137-141.
Bockamp E, Meringer M, Spangenberg C, Fees S, Fraser S, Eshkind L, et al. Of mice and models: improved animal models for biomedical research.Physiol Genom 2002;11:115-132.
Dalloz F, Osinska H, Robbins J. Modelos animales geneticamente modificados. Rev Esp Cardiol 2001;54: 764-789.
James FJ,Hewett TE,Robbins J. Cardiac physiology in transgenic mice. Circ Res 1998;82:407-415.
Farci FM, Sigmund CD, Vascular biology in genetically altered mice. Circ Res 1999;85:1214-1225.
Badimon L. Atherosclerosis and thrombosis: lessons from animal models. Thromb Hemost 2001;149:351- 357.
Ohashi Y, kawashima S, Hirata K, Yamashita T, Ishida T, Inoue N, et al. Hypotension and reduced nitric oxide-elicted vasorelaxation in transgenic mice over expressing endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Clin Invest 102:2061-1071.
Bader M. Transgenic animal models for the functional analysis of vasoactive peptides. Braz J Med Biol Res 1998; 31: 1171-1183.
Haperen RV, Cheng C, Mess BM, Van deel E, Waard M, Van Damme LCA, et al. Functional expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase fused to green fluorescent protein in transgenic mice . Am J Pathol 2003;163:1677-1686.
Hocher B, Liefeldt L, Thone -Reineke T, Orzechowski H, Distler A, Bauer C, et al. Characterization of the renal phenotype of transgenic rats expressing the human endothelin-2 gene. Hypertension 1996; 28: 196-201.
Quaschning T, Koçak S, Bauer C, Neumayer HH, Galle J, Hocher B. Increase in nitric oxide bioavailability improves endothelial function in endothelin-1 transgenic mice. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003;18:479- 483.
Didion SP, SigmundCD, Faraci FM. Impaired endothelial function in transgenic mice expressing both human rennin and human angiotensinogen. Stroke 2000;31:760-765.
Hagenbaugh A, Sharma S, Dubbinet SM, Wei SHY,Aranda R, Cheroutre H, et al. Altered immune responses in interleukin 10 transgenic mice. Exp Cell Res 1997; 185:2101-2110.
Brosseau ME, Hoeg JM. Transgenic rabbits as models for atherosclerosis research . J Lipid Res 1999;40:365-375.
Ruchizka FT, Wenger RH, Stallmach T, Quaschning T, Wit Cwagner K, Labuger Kelm M, et al. Nitric oxide prevents cardiovascular disease and determines survival in polyglobulic mice overexpressing erythropoietin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:11609-11613.
Zhang F, Eckman C, Younkin S, Hsia KK, Ladecola C. Increased susceptibility to ischemic brain damage in transgenic mice overexpressing the amyloid precursor protein. J Neuro Sci 1991; 17: 7655-7661.
Chapman PF, White GL, Jhones MW. Cooper-Blacketer D, Marshall VJ, Irizarry M, et al. Impaired synaptic plasticity and learning in aged amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. Nat Neurosci 1999; 2:271-276.
Kinouchi H, Epstein CJ, Mizui T, Carlson E, Chen SF, Cahan PH. Attenuation of focal cerebral ischemic injury in transgenic mice overexpressing Cu Zn superoxide dismutase.Proc Natl Acad Sci 1991;88: 11158-11162.
Kammi H, Kato I, Kinouchi H, Chan PH, Epistein CJ, Akabane A, et al. Amelioration of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in transgenic mice overexpressing Cu Zn -superoxide dismutase. Stroke 1999;30: 867-872.
Quian J, Lorenz JN, Maeda S, Sutliff RL, Weber C, Nakayama T, et al. Reduced blood pressure and increased sensitivity of the vasculature to parathyroid hormone -related protein (PTHrP) in transgenic mice overexpressing the PTH/PTHrP receptor in vascular smooth muscle. Endocrinology 1999; 140: 1826-1833.
Lefer DJ, Jones SP, Girod WG, Baines A. Grishman MB, Cockrell AS, et al. Leucocyte-endothelial cell interactions in nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice. Am J. Physiol 1999;276:1943-1950.
Lorens S, Nava E. Endotelio, hipertensión arterial y ateriosclerosis. Miocardio 2003;5:161-166.
Mungre N, Brendt DS, Stewart DJ, Husain M. From molecules to mammals: what´s NOS got to do with it? Acta Physiol Scand 2003;179:123-135.
Huang PL,Huang Z, Mashimo H, Bloch KD, Moskowitz MA, Bevan JA, et al. Hypertension in mice lacking the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Nature 1995;377:239-242.
Shesely EG, Maeda N, Kim HS, Desai KM, Krege JH, Laubach VE, et al. Elevated blood pressures in mice lacking endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:13176-13181.
Albertech E, Stegeman CA, Herringa P, Henning RH, Van Goor H. Protective role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Pathol 2003; 199: 8-17.
Murata T, Ushikubi F, Marsuoka, Hirata M,Yamasaki A, Sugimoto Y, et al. Altered pain perception and inflammatory response in mice lacking prostacyclin receptor. Nature 1997;388:678-682.
Boscoe MJ, Goodwin AT, Amrani M, Yacoub MH. Endothelins and the lung. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2000;32:41-62.
Kedzierski RM, Grayburn PA, Kisanuki YY, Williams CS, Hammer RE, Richardson JA, et al. Cardiomyocyte-Specific endothelin A receptor knockout mice have normal cardiac function and an unaltered hypertophic response to angiotensin II and Isoproterenol.Mol Cell Biol 2003;23:8226-8232.
Kutihara Y, Kurihara H, Suzuki H, Kodama T, Maemura K, Nagai R, et al. Elevated blood pressure and skull abnormalities in mice deficient in endothelin-1.Nature 1994;368:703-710.
Hosada K, Hammer RE, Richardson JA, Baynash AG, Cheung JC, Giaid A, et al. Targeted and natural (piebald-lethal) mutations of endothelin -ß receptor gene produce megacolon associated with spotted coat color in mice. Cell 1994; 79:1267-1276.
Ohuchi T, Kuwaki T, Ling G, Dewith D, Ju K, Onodera M, et al. Elevation of blood pressure by genetic and pharmacological disruption of the ETB receptor in mice. Am J Physiol 1999;276:R1071-1077.
Murakoshi N, Miyauchi T, Kakinuma Y, Ohuchi T, Goto K, Yanagisawa M, et al. Vascular endothelin -B receptor system in vivo plays a favorable inhibitory role in vascular remodeling after injury revealed by endothelin-ß receptor-Knockout mice. Circulation 2002;106:1991-1998.
Clouthier DE, Hosoda K, Richardson JA, Williams SC, Yanagisawa H, Kuwaki T, et al. Cranial and cardiac neural crest defects in endothelin-A receptor -deficient mice. Development 1998:125,813-824.
Kuwaki T, Ishii T, Ju K, Yanagisawa M, Fukuda Y. Blood pressure of endothelin -3 null (-/-) knockout mice and endothelin A receptor null (-/-) knockout mice under anaesthesia. Clin Sci 2002; 103: 485-525.
Schiffer PMH, Henrion D, Boulanger CM, Colucci-Guyon E, Langa-Vuves F, Van Essen H, et al. Altered flow -induced arterial remodeling in vimentin -deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:611-616.
Piderski LJ, Hedrick C, Olvera T, Hagenbaugh A, Territo M.Berlinier JA, Fyfe AI. Interleukin-10 blocks atherosclerotic events in vitro and in vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:2847-2853.
Kelly KJ. Williams WW, Colvin RB, Meehan S, Springer TA, Gutiérrez-Ramos JC, et al. Intracellular Adhesion molecule -1-deficient mice are protected against ischemic renal injury. J Clin Invest 1996;97,1056-1063.
Dong ZM, Gutierrez -Ramos JC, Coxon A, Mayadas TN, Wagner D. A new class of obesity genes encodes leukocyte adhesion receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci .1997: 94; 7526-7530.
Mayadas TN,Johonson RC, Rayburn H, Hynes RO, Wagner DD.Leucocyte rolling extravasation are severely compromised in p-selectin-deficient mice .Cell 1993;74:541-554.
Broide DH, Humber D, Siramarao P. Inhibition of eosinophil rolling and recruitment in p-selectin -and intracellular adhesion molecule-1-deficient mice. Blood 1998;91:2847 -2856.
Kakkar AK, Lefer D.Leukocyte and endothelial adhesion molecule studies in knockout mice. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2004 ;4:154-158.
Pfeifer A, Klatt P, Massberg S, Ny L, Sausbier M, Heirneiss C, et al. Defective smooth muscle regulation in cgmp kinase I- deficient mice. EMBO J 1998; 17:3045-3051.
Hedlund P,Aszódi A,Pfeifer A, Alm P, Hoffmann F, Ahmad M, et al. Erectile dysfunction in cyclic GMP-dependent kinase I-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:2349-2354.
Madeddu P, Varoni MV, Palomba D, Emanueli C, Demonts MP, Glorioso N, et al. Cardiovascular phenotype of a mouse strain with disruption of bradykinin B2-receptor gene. Circulation 1997; 96: 3570-3578.
Monti J, Gross V, Luft FC, Milia AF, Schultz H, Dietz R, et al. Hübner. Expression analysis using oligonucleotide microarrays in mice lacking bradikinin type 2 receptors. Hypertension 2001; 38:1-3.
Tilley S L, Audoly LP, Hicks E H, Kim H,Flannery PJ, Coffman TM, et al. Reproductive failure and reduced blood pressure in mice lacking the EP2 prostaglandin E2 receptor. J Clin Invest 1999;103:1539-1545.
Li DY, Faury G, Taylor D, Davis E, Boyle W, Mecham R, et al. Novel arterial pathology in mice and humans hemizygous for elastin. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 1783-1787.
Curtis S, Couse JF, Korach KS. Estrogen receptor transcription and transactivation. Estrogen receptor knockout mice: what their phenotypes reveal about mechanisms of estrogen action. Breast Cancer Res 2000; 2:345-352.
Staprans I, Pan X, Rapp JH, Grunfeld C, Feingold KR. Oxidized cholesterol in the diet accelerates the development of atherosclerosis in LDL Receptor -and apolipoprotein E-Deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:708-714.
Niemann H, Kues WA. Application of transgenesis in livestock for agriculture and biomedicine. Anim Rep Sci 2003;79:291-317.