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2018, Número 2

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Rev Med MD 2018; 9.10 (2)


Distensión abdominal

García-Jiménez ÉS,Velarde-Ruiz VJA, Rangel-Orozco MF, Briones-Govea D, Morel-Cerda EC, Barba-Orozco E

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 44
Paginas: 164-173
Archivo PDF: 646.26 Kb.


RESUMEN

La distensión abdominal (DA) es una alteración clínica frecuente, que puede presentarse como principal y único síntoma de una patología funcional llamada distensión abdominal funcional o como acompañante en otros trastornos digestivos funcionales. Se distinguen dos términos para su descripción, provenientes del inglés distension, que implica un aumento visible del perímetro abdominal (DA objetiva); y bloating, que se refiere a la sensación de distensión percibida por el paciente (DA subjetiva) que implica una sensación de pesadez abdominal, no perceptible visualmente. Los trastornos digestivos funcionales constituyen un enorme problema socio-sanitario, ya que alteran la calidad de vida, modificando hábitos y, en algunas ocasiones, llegando a ser incapacitantes, provocando presión asistencial y repercusión socioeconómica por menor rendimiento, abatimiento y ausentismo laboral. Debe distinguirse a la DA como parte de otra patología, de la DA funcional, definida por los criterios de Roma IV. Para ello se debe realizar un abordaje ordenado individualizado en el que se diferencie entre patologías orgánicas o funcionales para, de esta manera, definir el tratamiento específico. Generalmente no se recomienda realizar numerosas pruebas costosas a menos que estén presentes las llamadas características de alarma. Dentro del abordaje, siempre se deben considerar la historia clínica completa, cuadro clínico y antecedentes para decidir la estrategia de investigación. Para el tratamiento de la DA se proponen diversas estrategias, desde cambios en el estilo de vida, dieta, fármacos y técnicas de entrenamiento por biorretroalimentación y neuromodulación. Esta revisión provee de generalidades, aspectos fisiopatológicos, abordaje y tratamiento de la DA.


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