medigraphic.com
Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de Guadalajara y del OPD Hospitales Civiles de Guadalajara

2005, Número 1

<< Anterior Siguiente >>

Inv Salud 2005; 7 (1)


Transformar el chamán: cambios de las nociones occidentales acerca del chamanismo y de estados modi.cados de conciencia

Jilek WG

Idioma: Ingles.
Referencias bibliográficas: 72
Paginas: 8-15
Archivo PDF: 507.46 Kb.


RESUMEN

El artículo documenta los cambios de las nociones occidentales acerca del chamanismo y del curandero chamán, y del papel de los estados modificados de conciencia. Antes de la Era de Ilustración, el chamán fue condenado por charlatanismo demoníaco. Desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta mediados del siglo XX, el chamán fue acusado de sufrir de una aflicción psiquiátrica o epiléptica; una noción basada en la mala interpretación de los estados modificados de conciencia en los rituales chamánicos, como estados psicopatológicos. La etiqueta patológica de los curanderos y rituales chamánicos constituye un error eurocéntrico y positivístico; siendo reconocida la habilidad terapéutica de los curanderos y la eficacia psicoterapéutica de los rituales curativos chamánicos. Hoy día somos testigos de un renacimiento de ceremonias chamánicas entre gran numero de poblaciones indígenas. Además podemos observar la popularización del chamanismo en la sociedad post-moderna del occidente. La aparente transformación del chamán y del chamanismo es determinada por cambios significativos del “zeitgeist” occidental.


REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

  1. Hoppál M. Shaman Traditions in Transition. Budapest, International Society for Shamanistic Research; 2000, p.10.

  2. Czaplicka M.A. Aboriginal Siberia - A Study in Social Anthropology. Oxford, Clarendon Press; 1914, p.197.

  3. Hamayon R.N. La Chasse à l’âme - Esquisse d’une théorie du chamanisme sibérien. Nanterre, Société d’ethnologie; 1990, p.142.

  4. Jilek W.G. Indian Healing - Shamanic Ceremonialism in the Pacific Northwest Today. Surrey, BC, Hancock House; 1982, p.145.

  5. Hultkrantz Å. Shamanic Healing and Ritual Drama - Health and Medicine in Native North American Religious Traditions. New York, Crossroad; 1992, p.19.

  6. Kasten E. Kulturwandel bei den Samen. Berlin, Dietrich Reimer; 1983, p.114.

  7. Hoppál M. Changing image of the Eurasian shamans. In: A-L.Siikala & M.Hoppál, editors. Studies on Shamanism. Helsinki, Finnish Anthropological Society & Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó; 1992:176-181.

  8. Alekseev N.A. Schamanismus der Türken Sibiriens. Hamburg, Reinhold Schletzer; 1987:273.

  9. De Acosta J. Historia natural y moral de las Indias. México D.F., Fondo de Cultura Económica Biblioteca Americana; 1962:264 (1st published 1590).

  10. De Sahagun B. Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España, Vol.3. México D.F., Editorial Porrua; 1977:129 (1st published 1560).

  11. Benedict R.F. “The Concept of the Guardian Spirit in North America”. Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, 1923;29:32-35.

  12. Wright P.G. “Dream, shamanism, and power among the Toba of Formosa Province”. In: E.J.M. Langdon & G. Baer, editors. Portals of Power - Shamanism in South America. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press; 1992:149-172.

  13. Radin P. Primitive Religion, its Nature and Origin. New York, Dover; 1957;131:108.

  14. Linton R. Culture and Mental Disorders. Springfield, Ill. Charles C. Thomas; 1956:98.

  15. Kroeber A. L. Anthropology. New York, Harcourt, Brace; 1948:300.

  16. Kroeber A.L. The nature of culture. Chicago, University of Chicago Press; 1952:317-318.

  17. Hambly W. D. Origins of Education among Primitive Peoples. London, Macmillan; 1926:219.

  18. Gillin J. Personality in preliterate societies. American Sociological Review, 1939;4:681-702.

  19. Casanowicz I.M. Shamanism of the natives of Siberia In: Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for the Year ending June 30, 1924, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1925:415-434.

  20. Jochelson V.I. The Koryak. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol.10; edited by F.Boas. Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol.6. Leiden, Brill/New York,Stechert; 1905-1908:416.

  21. Bogoras V. The Chukchee. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 11; edited by F.Boas. Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. 7. Leiden, E.J.Brill / New York, G.E. Stechert; 1904-1910:415.

  22. Ry

  23. kov K.M. Enisejskie Tungusy [Jenissei Tungus], Zemlevedenie (Moscow), 1922:3-4.

  24. Shirokogoroff S.M. Psychomental Complex of the Tungus. London, Kegan Paul-Trench-Trubner; 1935:337.

  25. Ohlmarks A. Studien zum Problem des Schamanismus. Lund, Konglige Vitenskaps Selskap; 1939:17.

  26. Devereux G. Mohave Ethnopsychiatry and Suicide. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 175. Washington, DC, U.S. Printing Office; 1961:262.

  27. Devereux G. Basic Problems of Ethnopsychiatry. Chicago, University of Chicago Press; 1980:14.

  28. Silverman J. Shamans and acute schizophrenia. American Anthropologist, 1967;69:21-31.

  29. Pareto V. The Mind and Society, Vol. 1: Non-logical Conduct. New York, Harcourt-Brace; 1935.

  30. Bourguignon E. Introduction: A framework for the comparative study of altered states of consciousness. In: E.Bourguignon, editor. Religion, Altered States of Consciousness and Social Change. Columbus, Ohio, State University Press; 1973:3-35.

  31. Jilek W.G. Therapeutic use of altered states of consciousness in contemporary North American Indian dance ceremonials”. In: C.A Ward, editor. Altered States of Consciousness and Mental Health: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Newbury Park, CA, Sage Publications; 1989:167-185.

  32. Neher A. Auditory driving observed with scalp electrodes in normal subjects. EEG and Clinical Neurophysiology, 1961;13:449-451.

  33. Eliade M. Shamanism - Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul; 1964:33.

  34. Hultkrantz Å. Aspects of Saami (Lapp) shamanism. In: M.Hoppál & J.Pentikäinen, editors.Northern Religions and Shamanism. Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó; 1992:139-141.

  35. Nesheim A. Über die Lappen und ihre Kultur. Oslo, Johan Grundt Tanum; 1964:37.

  36. Weyer E. M. The Eskimos - Their Environment and Folkways. Hamden, Conn., Archon; 1969:439.

  37. Spencer R.F. The North Alaskan Eskimo - A Study in Ecology and Society. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 171. Washington, Smithsonian Institution Press; 1959:318.

  38. Rasmussen K. Intellectual Culture of the Iglulik Eskimos. Report of the Fifth Thule Expedition 1921-24, Vol.7, No.1. Copenhagen, Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag; 1929:111 y 120.

  39. Rasmussen K. Observations on the Intellectual Culture of the Caribou Eskimos. Report of the Fifth Thule Expedition 1921-24, Vol.7, No.2. Copenhagen, Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag; 1930:51.

  40. Rasmussen K. The Alaskan Eskimos as described in the Posthumous Notes of Dr. Knud Rasmussen; edited by H.Ostermann. Report of the Fifth Thule Expedition 1921-24, Vol.10, No.3. Copenhagen, Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag; 1952:130.

  41. Rasmussen K. Knud Rasmussen’s Posthumous Notes on the Life and Doings of the East Greenlanders in Olden Times; edited by H.Ostermann. Meddelelser om Grønland, Vol.109, No.1. København, C.A.Reitzel Forlag, 1938;94.

  42. Boas F. The Central Eskimo. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press; 1961:185 (1st publ. 1888).

  43. Jenness D. The Life of the Copper Eskimos. Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-18, Vol. 12. Ottawa, King’s Printer; 1922:192.

  44. Birket-Smith K. The Chugach Eskimo. København, Nationalmuseets Publikationsfond; 1953:12.

  45. Balikci A. The Netsilik Eskimo. Garden City NY, Natural History Press; 1970:226.

  46. Eigner D. & Jilek W.G. “Psychotherapeutic principles of Tamang healing in Nepal”. Pakistan Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1995;5:123-126.

  47. Jilek W.G. & Jilek-Aall L. “Shamanic beliefs, practices, and messianic movements among the Hmong people of Southeast Asia”. Shaman, 2002;10:83-112.

  48. Barbeau M. Medicine-men on the North Pacific Coast. National Museum of Canada Bulletin No. 152; Anthropological Series No. 42. Ottawa, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources 1958.

  49. Boas F. The Religion of the Kwakiutl Indians, Part II, Translations. New York, Columbia University Press; 1930, p.6.

  50. Boas F. “The social organization and the secret societies of the Kwakiutl Indians”. In: Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for the Year ending June 30, 1895. Washington, Government Printing Office; 1897:311-738.

  51. Jenness D. The Carrier Indians of the Bulkley River Valley - Their Social and Religious Life. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 133, Anthropological Papers No.25. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office; 1943:567.

  52. Teit J. The Shuswap. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol.2; edited by F.Boas. Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol.7. Leiden, E.J.Brill / New York, G.E.Stechert; 1900-1908:615.

  53. Jilek W.G. Traditional medicine relevant to psychiatry. In:N.Sartorius; G.de Girolamo;G.Andrews; G.A.German, editors. Treatment of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC, WHO/OMS & American Psychiatric Press; 1993:341-390.

  54. Schultes R.E. An overview of hallucinogens in the western hemisphere. In: P.T.Furst, editor. Flesh of the Gods - The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens. New York, Praeger; 1972:3-54

  55. Harner M.J. Hallucinogens and Shamanism. New York, Oxford University Press; 1973.

  56. Dobkin de Rios M. Hallucinogens: Cross-cultural Perspectives. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press; 1984.

  57. Chiappe M., Lemlij M. & Milliones L. Alucinógenos y Chamanismo en el Perú Contemporáneo. Lima, El Virrey; 1985.

  58. Hollweg M.G. Locura, Cultura y Magia. Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia), Centro de Salud mental; 1991.

  59. Langdon E.J.M. & Baer G. Portals of Power: Shamanism in South America. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press; 1992.

  60. Leighton A. H. & Hughes J.H. Cultures as causative of mental disorder. In: Causes of Mental Disorders: A Review of Epidemiological Knowledge 1959. New York, Milbank Memorial Fund; 1961:341-365.

  61. Murphy J. M. Psychotherapeutic aspects of shamanism on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. In: A.Kiev, editor. Magic, Faith, and Healing - studies in primitive psychiatry today. New York, Free Press; 1964:53-83.

  62. Opler M. Dream analysis in Ute Indian therapy. In: M.Opler, editor. Culture and Mental Health - Cross- cultural studies. New York, Macmillan; 1959:97-117.

  63. Handelman D. “The development of a Washo shaman”. Ethnology, 1967;6:444-464.

  64. Drucker P. Cultures of the North Pacific Coast. San Francisco, Chandler; 1965:92.

  65. Heinze R.-I. “Shamans or mediums - Towards a definition of different states of consciousness”. Phoenix Journal of Transpersonal Anthropology, 1982;6:25-44.

  66. Hoppál M. Shamanism: an archaic and/or recent system of beliefs. In: A.-L.Siikala & M.Hoppál, editors. Studies on Shamanism. Helsinki, Finnish Anthropological Society & Budapest - Akadémiai Kiadó; 1992:117-131.

  67. Jilek W. G. & Jilek L. “The psychiatrist and his shaman colleague: Cross-cultural collaboration with traditional Amerindian therapists”. Journal of Operational Psychiatry, 1978;9:32-39.

  68. Jilek-Aall L. & Jilek W.G. Therapeutischer Synkretismus in Latein-Amerikanischen Heilkulten. In: J.Sterly, editor. Ethnomedizin und Medizingeschichte. Berlin, Verlag Mensch und Leben; 1983:297-310.

  69. Jilek W.G. “Native renaissance: The survival and revival of indigenous therapeutic ceremonials among North American Indians”. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 1978;15:117-147.

  70. Jilek W.G. “La renaissance des danses chamaniques dans les populations indiennes de l’Amérique du Nord”. Diogène (UNESCO), 1992;158:78-91.

  71. Linton R. “Nativistic movements”. American Anthropologist. 1943;45:230-240.

  72. Hubbard G.G. “Annual address by the President”. National Geographic Magazine, 1891;3:1-29.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com