2017, Número 6
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Rev Sanid Milit Mex 2017; 71 (6)
Incidencia de la obstrucción intestinal por adherencias postoperatorias en el Hospital Central Militar. Factores de riesgo asociados
Garibay-González F, Navarrete-Arellano M, Moreno-Delgado F, Salinas-Hernández EL, Rodríguez-Ayala E, Cleva-Villanueva G
Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 43
Paginas: 534-544
Archivo PDF: 249.35 Kb.
RESUMEN
Introducción: La obstrucción intestinal (OI) por adherencias postoperatorias es una causa importante de admisiones hospitalarias en todo el mundo, con morbilidad y mortalidad significativas que representan grandes costos para los sistemas de salud a nivel mundial.
Objetivo: Estimar la incidencia de la obstrucción intestinal por adherencias postoperatorias e identificar los factores de riesgo en los pacientes que ingresan al Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Central Militar (HCM).
Material y métodos: Se revisó la base de datos de los ingresos al HCM de enero de 2009 a diciembre de 2013. De 14,769 cirugías realizadas, 393 pacientes presentaron obstrucción intestinal. Se identificaron las características demográficas, tipo y número de cirugías previas y otros factores de riesgo para adherencias. Se clasificó a cada paciente como OI por adherencias (OIA) u OI asociada a otra patología (OIP).
Resultados: La incidencia de OI postoperatoria fue de 2.7%. En 236 casos (1.6%) fue secundaria a adherencias, en el resto (1.1%) estuvo asociada a otra patología. De los pacientes con OIA, 8.5% presentaron morbilidad, contra 13.5% de aquéllos con OIP (p = 0.118). La mortalidad fue de 6.4 contra 12.1%, respectivamente (p ‹ 0.05). Las cirugías más frecuentes fueron laparotomía (34%), colecistectomía (22%), apendicectomía (19%). El tratamiento de la OIA fue quirúrgico en 20%, y de la OIP, en 43% (p = 0.001). Los factores asociados a OIA fueron sexo femenino, número de cirugías en la región abdominal y cuadros de OI previos.
Conclusiones: El síndrome de OI por adherencias fue la causa más común de OI en el Hospital Central Militar entre los años 2009 y 2013, con una incidencia comparable a la literatura mundial. La decisión terapéutica orientada al tratamiento conservador inicial en la OI por adherencias podría considerarse acertada si se observa el menor tiempo de hospitalización y mortalidad que en el grupo tratado con cirugía y patología asociada.
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