Silva-Vidal KV, Méndez-Sánchez N

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 106
Paginas: 229-238
Archivo PDF: 157.43 Kb.

RESUMEN

La fisiopatología de la enfermedad poliquística o poliquistosis es compleja. Se ha propuesto que la estructura y función de los cilios primarios son parte esencial para que se desarrollen los quistes en varios órganos. Aunque el término enfermedad poliquística usualmente se atribuye a los riñones, ésta también participa en otros órganos como el hígado, páncreas, pulmones, bazo, ovarios, testículos, epidídimo, tiroides, útero, vejiga, piel y glándula mamaria. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar los conceptos actuales de la enfermedad poliquística en diversos órganos viscerales, sus características clínicas, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento actual.

REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

1. Pazour GJ, Witman GB. The vertebrate primary cilium is a sensory organelle. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2003: 15: 105-10.

2. Hildebrandt F, Benzing T, Katsanis N. Ciliopathies. N Engl J Med 2011: 364: 1533-43. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1010172.

3. Abdul-Majeed S, Nauli SM. Calcium-mediated mechanisms of cystic expansion. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011:1812:1281-90. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.09.016.

4. Abou Alaiwi WA, Lo ST, Nauli SM. Primary cilia: highly sophisticated biological sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2009: 9: 7003-20. doi: 10.3390/s90907003.

5. Christensen ST, Pedersen SF, Satir P, Veland IR, Schneider L. The primary cilium coordinates signaling pathways in cell cycle control and migration during development and tissue repair. Curr Top Dev Biol 2008:85:261-301. doi: 10.1016/S0070- 2153(08)00810-7.

6. Singla V, Reiter JF. The primary cilium as the cell’s antenna: signaling at a sensory organelle. Science 2006: 313: 629-33. doi: 10.1126/science.1124534.

7. Wilson PD. Polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2004: 350: 151-64. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra022161.

8. Grantham JJ. Clinical practice. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2008: 359: 1477-85. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMcp0804458.

9. Torres VE. Treatment of polycystic liver disease: one size does not fit all. Am J Kidney Dis 2007: 49: 725-8. doi: 10.1053/ j.ajkd.2007.04.009.

10. Torres VE, Harris PC, Pirson Y. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Lancet 2007: 369: 1287-301. doi: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(07)60601-1.

11. Torres VE, Harris PC. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: the last 3 years. Kidney Int 2009: 76: 149-68. doi: 10.1038/ ki.2009.128.

12. Cowley BD, Jr Rupp JC, Muessel MJ, Gattone VH, 2nd. Gender and the effect of gonadal hormones on the progression of inherited polycystic kidney disease in rats. Am J Kidney Dis 1997: 29: 265-72.

13. Stringer KD, Komers R, Osman SA, Oyama TT, Lindsley JN, Anderson S. Gender hormones and the progression of experimental polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2005: 68: 1729-39. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00589.x.

14. Mochizuki T, Wu G, Hayashi T, Xenophontos SL, Veldhuisen B, Saris JJ, Reynolds DM, et al. PKD2, a gene for polycystic kidney disease that encodes an integral membrane protein. Science 1996: 272: 1339-42.

15. Masyuk T, Masyuk A, LaRusso N. Cholangiociliopathies: genetics, molecular mechanisms and potential therapies. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2009: 25: 265-71. doi: 10.1097/ MOG.0b013e328328f4ff.

16. Drummond IA. Polycystins, focal adhesions and extracellular matrix interactions. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011:1812:1322-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.03.003.

17. Luciano RL, Dahl NK. Extra-renal manifestations of ADPKD: considerations for routine screening and management. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gft437.

18. Ecder T, Schrier RW. Hypertension in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease: early occurrence and unique aspects. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001: 12: 194-200.

19. Grantham JJ, Torres VE, Chapman AB, Guay-Woodford LM, Bae KT, King BF, Jr., Wetzel LH, et al. Volume progression in polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2006: 354: 2122-30. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa054341.

20. Schrier RW. Optimal care of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients. Nephrology (Carlton) 2006: 11: 124-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2006.00535.x.

21. Schievink WI, Huston J, 3rd, Torres VE, Marsh WR. Intracranial cysts in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Neurosurg 1995: 83: 1004-7. doi: 10.3171/ jns.1995.83.6.1004.

22. Torres VE. Treatment strategies and clinical trial design in ADPKD. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2010: 17: 190-204. doi: 10.1053/ j.ackd.2010.01.006.

23. Alam A, Perrone RD. Management of ESRD in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2010: 17: 164-72. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2009.12.006.

24. Chapman AB, Stepniakowski K, Rahbari-Oskoui F. Hypertension in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2010: 17: 153-63. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2010.01.001.

25. Nauli SM, Jin X, Hierck BP. The mechanosensory role of primary cilia in vascular hypertension. Int J Vasc Med 2011; 2011: 376281. doi: 10.1155/2011/376281.

26. Zerres K, Mucher G, Becker J, Steinkamm C, Rudnik-Schoneborn S, Heikkila P, Rapola J, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD): molecular genetics, clinical experience, and fetal morphology. Am J Med Genet 1998: 76: 137-44.

27. Ward CJ, Hogan MC, Rossetti S, Walker D, Sneddon T, Wang X, Kubly V, et al. The gene mutated in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease encodes a large, receptor-like protein. Nat Genet 2002: 30: 259-69. doi: 10.1038/ng833.

28. Dias NF, Lanzarini V, Onuchic LF, Koch VH. Clinical aspects of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. J Bras Nefrol 2010: 32: 263-7.

29. Hildebrandt F, Zhou W. Nephronophthisis-associated ciliopathies. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007: 18: 1855-71. doi: 10.1681/ ASN.2006121344.

30. Hildebrandt F, Otto E. Cilia and centrosomes: a unifying pathogenic concept for cystic kidney disease? Nat Rev Genet 2005: 6: 928-40. doi: 10.1038/nrg1727.

31. Hildebrandt F, Otto E, Rensing C, Nothwang HG, Vollmer M, Adolphs J, Hanusch H, Brandis M. A novel gene encoding an SH3 domain protein is mutated in nephronophthisis type 1. Nat Genet 1997: 17: 149-53. doi: 10.1038/ng1097-149.

32. Saunier S, Calado J, Heilig R, Silbermann F, Benessy F, Morin G, Konrad M, et al. A novel gene that encodes a protein with a putative src homology 3 domain is a candidate gene for familial juvenile nephronophthisis. Hum Mol Genet 1997: 6: 2317-23.

33. Bhunia AK, Piontek K, Boletta A, Liu L, Qian F, Xu PN, Germino FJ, et al. PKD1 induces p21(waf1) and regulation of the cell cycle via direct activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in a process requiring PKD2. Cell 2002: 109: 157-68.

34. Olbrich H, Fliegauf M, Hoefele J, Kispert A, Otto E, Volz A, Wolf MT, et al. Mutations in a novel gene, NPHP3, cause adolescent nephronophthisis, tapeto-retinal degeneration and hepatic fibrosis. Nat Genet 2003: 34: 455-9. doi: 10.1038/ng1216.

35. Hildebrandt F, Otto E. Molecular genetics of nephronophthisis and medullary cystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000: 11: 1753-61.

36. Hateboer N, Gumbs C, Teare MD, Coles GA, Griffiths D, Ravine D, Futreal PA, et al. Confirmation of a gene locus for medullary cystic kidney disease (MCKD2) on chromosome 16p12. Kidney Int 2001: 60: 1233-9. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00932.x.

37. Fuchshuber A, Kroiss S, Karle S, Berthold S, Huck K, Burton C, Rahman N, et al. Refinement of the gene locus for autosomal dominant medullary cystic kidney disease type 1 (MCKD1) and construction of a physical and partial transcriptional map of the region. Genomics 2001: 72: 278-84. doi: 10.1006/geno.2000.6486.

38. Ansley SJ, Badano JL, Blacque OE, Hill J, Hoskins BE, Leitch CC, Kim JC, et al. Basal body dysfunction is a likely cause of pleiotropic Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Nature 2003: 425: 628-33. doi: 10.1038/nature02030.

39. Romio L, Wright V, Price K, Winyard PJ, Donnai D, Porteous ME, Franco B, et al. OFD1, the gene mutated in oral-facial-digital syndrome type 1, is expressed in the metanephros and in human embryonic renal mesenchymal cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003: 14: 680-9.

40. Drenth JP, Chrispijn M, Nagorney DM, Kamath PS, Torres VE. Medical and surgical treatment options for polycystic liver disease. Hepatology 2010: 52: 2223-30. doi: 10.1002/ hep.24036.

41. Hogan MC, Masyuk TV, Page LJ, Kubly VJ, Bergstralh EJ, Li X, Kim B, et al. Randomized clinical trial of long-acting somatostatin for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney and liver disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010:21:1052-61. doi: 10.1681/ ASN.2009121291.

42. van Keimpema L, Nevens F, Vanslembrouck R, van Oijen MG, Hoffmann AL, Dekker HM, de Man RA, et al. Lanreotide reduces the volume of polycystic liver: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2009: 137: 1661-8 e1- 2. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.07.052.

43. Qian Q, Li A, King BF, Kamath PS, Lager DJ, Huston J, 3rd, Shub C, et al. Clinical profile of autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease. Hepatology 2003: 37: 164-71. doi: 10.1053/ jhep.2003.50006.

44. Pirson Y. Extrarenal manifestations of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2010: 17: 173- 80. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2010.01.003.

45. Qian Q. Isolated polycystic liver disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2010: 17: 181-9. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2009.12.005.

46. Sherstha R, McKinley C, Russ P, Scherzinger A, Bronner T, Showalter R, Everson GT. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy selectively stimulates hepatic enlargement in women with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Hepatology 1997: 26: 1282-6. doi: 10.1002/hep.510260528.

47. Davila S, Furu L, Gharavi AG, Tian X, Onoe T, Qian Q, Li A, et al. Mutations in SEC63 cause autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease. Nat Genet 2004:36:575-7. doi: 10.1038/ng1357.

48. Waanders E, Te Morsche RH, de Man RA, Jansen JB, Drenth JP. Extensive mutational analysis of PRKCSH and SEC63 broadens the spectrum of polycystic liver disease. Hum Mutat 2006: 27: 830. doi: 10.1002/humu.9441.

49. Drenth JP, Martina JA, Te Morsche RH, Jansen JB, Bonifacino JS. Molecular characterization of hepatocystin, the protein that is defective in autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease. Gastroenterology 2004: 126: 1819-27.

50. Everson GT, Emmett M, Brown WR, Redmond P, Thickman D. Functional similarities of hepatic cystic and biliary epithelium: studies of fluid constituents and in vivo secretion in response to secretin. Hepatology 1990: 11: 557-65.

51. Wheatley DN. Primary cilia in normal and pathological tissues. Pathobiology 1995: 63: 222-38.

52. Ong AC, Wheatley DN. Polycystic kidney disease—the ciliary connection. Lancet 2003: 361: 774-6. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(03)12662-1.

53. Masyuk TV, Masyuk AI, Torres VE, Harris PC, Larusso NF. Octreotide inhibits hepatic cystogenesis in a rodent model of polycystic liver disease by reducing cholangiocyte adenosine 3',5'- cyclic monophosphate. Gastroenterology 2007: 132: 1104-16. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.12.039.

54. Perrone RD, Grubman SA, Rogers LC, Lee DW, Moy E, Murray SL, Torres VE, Jefferson DM. Continuous epithelial cell lines from ADPKD liver cysts exhibit characteristics of intrahepatic biliary epithelium. Am J Physiol 1995: 269: G335-45.

55. Vauthey JN, Maddern GJ, Blumgart LH. Adult polycystic disease of the liver. Br J Surg 1991: 78: 524-7.

56. Grunfeld JP, Albouze G, Jungers P, Landais P, Dana A, Droz D, Moynot A, et al. Liver changes and complications in adult polycystic kidney disease. Adv Nephrol Necker Hosp 1985: 14: 1-20.

57. Abu-Wasel B, Walsh C, Keough V, Molinari M. Pathophysiology, epidemiology, classification and treatment options for polycystic liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2013: 19: 5775-86. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i35.5775.

58. Arnold HL, Harrison SA. New advances in evaluation and management of patients with polycystic liver disease. Am J Gastroen terol 2005:100:2569-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1572- 0241.2005.00263.x.

59. Kanaan N, Goffin E, Pirson Y, Devuyst O, Hassoun Z. Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 as a diagnostic marker for hepatic cyst infection in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2010:55:916-22. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.12.023.

60. Levine E, Cook LT, Grantham JJ. Liver cysts in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease: clinical and computed tomographic study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1985: 145: 229-33. doi: 10.2214/ ajr.145.2.229.

61. Bae KT, Zhu F, Chapman AB, Torres VE, Grantham JJ, Guay- Woodford LM, Baumgarten DA, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of hepatic cysts in early autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease: the Consortium for Radiologic Imaging Studies of Polycystic Kidney Disease cohort. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006: 1: 64-9. doi: 10.2215/CJN.00080605.

62. Gigot JF, Jadoul P, Que F, Van Beers BE, Etienne J, Horsmans Y, Collard A, et al. Adult polycystic liver disease: is fenestration the most adequate operation for long-term management? Ann Surg 1997: 225: 286-94.

63. Gevers TJ, Drenth JP. Somatostatin analogues for treatment of polycystic liver disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2011: 27: 294- 300. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e328343433f.

64. Chrispijn M, Nevens F, Gevers TJ, Vanslembrouck R, van Oijen MG, Coudyzer W, Hoffmann AL, et al. The long-term outcome of patients with polycystic liver disease treated with lanreotide. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012: 35: 266-74. doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2036.2011.04923.x.

65. Nakaoka R, Das K, Kudo M, Chung H, Innoue T. Percutaneous aspiration and ethanolamine oleate sclerotherapy for sustained resolution of symptomatic polycystic liver disease: an initial experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009: 193: 1540-5. doi: 10.2214/ AJR.08.1681.

66. van Keimpema L, Drenth JP. Polycystic liver disease: a critical appraisal of hepatic resection, cyst fenestration, and liver transplantation. Ann Surg 2011: 253: 419; author reply 20. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182080423.

67. Hutchins GF, Draganov PV. Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: a diagnostic challenge. World J Gastroenterol 2009: 15: 48-54.

68. Wayne M, Neragi-Miandoab S, Kasmin F, Brown W, Pahuja A, Cooperman AM. Central pancreatectomy without anastomosis. World J Surg Oncol 2009: 7: 67. doi: 10.1186/1477-7819-7-67.

69. Spinelli KS, Fromwiller TE, Daniel RA, Kiely JM, Nakeeb A, Komorowski RA, Wilson SD, Pitt HA. Cystic pancreatic neoplasms: observe or operate. Ann Surg 2004: 239: 651-7; discussion 7-9.

70. Hammel PR, Vilgrain V, Terris B, Penfornis A, Sauvanet A, Correas JM, Chauveau D, et al. Pancreatic involvement in von Hippel- Lindau disease. The Groupe Francophone d’Etude de la Maladie de von Hippel-Lindau. Gastroenterology 2000: 119: 1087-95.

71. Malka D, Hammel P, Vilgrain V, Flejou JF, Belghiti J, Bernades P. Chronic obstructive pancreatitis due to a pancreatic cyst in a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Gut 1998: 42: 131-4.

72. Tanaka M, Chari S, Adsay V, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Falconi M, Shimizu M, Yamaguchi K, et al. International consensus guidelines for management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Pancreatology 2006: 6: 17-32. doi: 10.1159/000090023.

73. Cannon JW, Callery MP, Vollmer CM, Jr. Diagnosis and management of pancreatic pseudocysts: what is the evidence? J Am Coll Surg 2009: 209: 385-93. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg. 2009.04.017.

74. Baptiste CG, Battista MC, Trottier A, Baillargeon JP. Insulin and hyperandrogenism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010: 122: 42-52. doi: 10.1016/ j.jsbmb.2009.12.010.

75. Dewailly D, Hieronimus S, Mirakian P, Hugues JN. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2010: 71: 8-13. doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2009.12.003.

76. Homburg R. Androgen circle of polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2009: 24: 1548-55. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dep049.

77. Carmina E, Azziz R. Diagnosis, phenotype, and prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2006: 86(Suppl. 1): S7-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.03.012.

78. Kosova G, Urbanek M. Genetics of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013: 373: 29-38. doi: 10.1016/ j.mce.2012.10.009.

79. Pasquali R, Stener-Victorin E, Yildiz BO, Duleba AJ, Hoeger K, Mason H, Homburg R, et al. PCOS Forum: research in polycystic ovary syndrome today and tomorrow. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011:74:424-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2265.2010.03956.x.

80. Jones MR, Chua A, Chen YD, Li X, Krauss RM, Rotter JI, Legro RS, et al. Harnessing expression data to identify novel candidate genes in polycystic ovary syndrome. PLoS One 2011: 6: e20120. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020120.

81. Simoni M, Tempfer CB, Destenaves B, Fauser BC. Functional genetic polymorphisms and female reproductive disorders: Part I: Polycystic ovary syndrome and ovarian response. Hum Reprod Update 2008:14:459-84. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmn024.

82. Wood JR, Nelson VL, Ho C, Jansen E, Wang CY, Urbanek M, McAllister JM, Mosselman S, Strauss JF, 3rd. The molecular phenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) theca cells and new candidate PCOS genes defined by microarray analysis. J Biol Chem 2003: 278: 26380-90. doi: 10.1074/ jbc.M300688200.

83. Rotterdam EA-SPCWG. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2004:81:19-25.

84. Teede H, Deeks A, Moran L. Polycystic ovary syndrome: a complex condition with psychological, reproductive and metabolic manifestations that impacts on health across the lifespan. BMC Med 2010: 8: 41. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-41.

85. Qin JZ, Pang LH, Li MJ, Fan XJ, Huang RD, Chen HY. Obstetric complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2013: 11: 56. doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-11-56.

86. Badawy A, Elnashar A. Treatment options for polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Womens Health 2011:3:25-35. doi: 10.2147/ IJWH.S11304.

87. Lamb JD, Johnstone EB, Rousseau JA, Jones CL, Pasch LA, Cedars MI, Huddleston HG. Physical activity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: prevalence, predictors, and positive health associations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011:204:352 e1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.12.006.

88. Bates GW, Jr., Propst AM. Polycystic ovarian syndrome management options. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2012:39:495-506. doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2012.10.001.

89. Kaur T, Kanwar AJ. Steatocystoma multiplex in four successive generations. J Dermatol 2003:30:559-61.

90. Punia RP, Samra SG, Mohan H. Steatocystoma multiplex: a report of two sporadic cases. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2007:50:824-6.

91. Adams B, Shwayder T. Steatocystoma multiplex suppurativum. Int J Dermatol 2008:47:1155-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 4632.2008.03698.x.

92. Holt S, Gilmour HM, Buist TA, Marwick K, Heading RC. High flow oxygen therapy for pneumatosis coli. Gut 1979:20:493-8.

93. Koss LG. Abdominal gas cysts (pneumatosis cystoides intestinorum hominis); an analysis with a report of a case and a critical review of the literature. AMA Arch Pathol 1952:53:523-49.

94. Hansell DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, McLoud TC, Muller NL, Remy J. Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology 2008:246:697-722. doi: 10.1148/radiol. 2462070712.

95. Johnson J-FCaSR: Multiple cystic lung diseases. In. European Respiratory Society Monograph. Volume 54. 2011; 46-83.

96. Carrington CB, Cugell DW, Gaensler EA, Marks A, Redding RA, Schaaf JT, Tomasian A. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Physiologic- pathologic-radiologic correlations. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977:116:977-95.

97. Costello LC, Hartman TE, Ryu JH. High frequency of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis in women with tuberous sclerosis complex. Mayo Clin Proc 2000:75:591-4. doi: 10.4065/ 75.6.591.

98. Vassallo R, Ryu JH, Colby TV, Hartman T, Limper AH. Pulmonary Langerhans’-cell histiocytosis. N Engl J Med 2000:342:1969-78. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200006293422607.

99. Abbott GF, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Franks TJ, Frazier AA, Galvin JR. From the archives of the AFIP: pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Radiographics 2004:24:821-41. doi: 10.1148/rg.243045005.

100. Davis CE, Jr., Montero JM, Van Horn CN. Large splenic cysts. Ann Surg 1971:173:686-92.

101. Fowler RH. Surgery of Cysts of the Spleen. Ann Surg 1921:74:20-36.

102. Martin JW. Congenital splenic cysts. Am J Surg 1958:96:302-8.

103. Geraghty M, Khan IZ, Conlon KC. [In Process Citation]. J Minim Access Surg 2009: 5: 14-6. doi: 10.4103/0972-9941.51315.

104. Adas G, Karatepe O, Altiok M, Battal M, Bender O, Ozcan D, Karahan S. Diagnostic problems with parasitic and non-parasitic splenic cysts. BMC Surg 2009:9:9. doi: 10.1186/1471-2482-9-9.

105. Sherwin B, Brown CR, Liber AF. Cystic Disease of the Spleen. Ann Surg 1939:109:615-23.

106. Stoidis CN, Spyropoulos BG, Misiakos EP, Fountzilas CK, Paraskeva PP, Fotiadis CI. Spontaneous regression of a true splenic cyst: a case report and review of the literature. Cases J 2009:2:8730. doi: 10.1186/1757-1626-0002-0000008730.