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Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México

2005, Número 1

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Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 2005; 62 (1)


Alteraciones hidroelectrolíticas y ácido-base más frecuentes en el paciente con diarrea

Pizarro-Torres D

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 88
Paginas: 57-68
Archivo PDF: 114.24 Kb.


RESUMEN

Como consecuencia de la pérdida de agua y electrolitos por heces y por vómitos en la enfermedad diarreica aguda se produce deshidratación. Las alteraciones iónicas principales son: hipernatremia (cuando se ofrecen líquidos hiperosmolares o con alta concentración de sodio) y la hiponatremia (si se ofrecen líquidos hipoosmolares y faltos o pobres en sodio). La deshidratación normonatrémica es la más frecuente. La deshidratación produce una reacción de vasoconstricción. La contracción de espacio vascular priva de oxígeno a muchos tejidos, cuyas células recurren a la mayor producción de ATP por la vía de la glucólisis y su utilización da por resultado gran producción de hidrogeniones y lactato, los que no pueden ser convertidos a ATP por la mitocondria por falta de oxígeno. La hipoxia aumenta la producción de radicales o especies activadas de oxígeno (EAO) en las arteriolas periféricas. La acidemia y el aumento de las EAO abren los canales de potasio KATP en los vasos periféricos y la salida de este ion produce hiperpotasemia y vasodilatación. Si el paciente tuvo déficit previo de este elemento puede presentar normo o hipopotasemia. Lo opuesto sucede en las arteriolas pulmonares. La acidemia y la disminución de EAO en las arteriolas pulmonares cierran los Kv y se produce despolarización de la membrana celular de los miocitos y vasoconstricción pulmonar. También la acidemia abre los canales de cloro ClC-2 con lo que se produce una salida de este ion hacia el espacio extracelular. Las alteraciones de calcio, fosfato y magnesio son mínimas. La administración de soluciones polielectrolíticas balanceadas, sea por vía oral, o endovenosa cuando fuera necesario, logran corregir en poco tiempo todas estas alteraciones revertiendo la hipertensión pulmonar y normalizando la presión arterial periférica.


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