Sánchez-Cárdenas AG, Navarro-Gerrard C, Nellen- Hummel H, Halabe-Cherema J

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 76
Paginas: 760-769
Archivo PDF: 277.53 Kb.

RESUMEN

La magnitud que tiene el sueño en el bienestar integral de una persona es similar a los efectos de la dieta y el ejercicio. La privación del sueño tiene efectos deletéreos graves en la salud del individuo y por lo general estos son ignorados. Entre un 30 y un 40 % de la población ha presentado insomnio en algún momento de su vida y del 9 al 15 % ha desarrollado insomnio crónico grave. Diversos estudios vinculan la falta de sueño con obesidad, enfermedades metabólicas, problemas cardiacos, desórdenes psiquiátricos y demencia. Existen actualmente grupos que se enfocan en las alteraciones en la respuesta inmune que genera la falta de sueño. Para realizar un diagnóstico oportuno de insomnio, es indispensable que durante la consulta se obtenga una historia clínica detallada de los hábitos del sueño. En la exploración física se debe enfatizar la búsqueda de signos y síntomas que sugieran una causa orgánica específica que contribuya a la alteración del sueño. Uno de los pilares del tratamiento es establecer en todos los pacientes una buena higiene del sueño con base en la optimización del ambiente y de las conductas asociadas con el mismo.

REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

1. Fischer Wilson J. Is Sleep the New Vital Sign? Annals of Internal Medicine. 2005;142:877-80.

2. Namen AM, Landry SH, Case LD, McCall WV, Dunagan DP, Haponik EF. Sleep histories are seldom documented on a general medical service. South Med J. 2001;94:874-9.

3. Díaz R, Ruano M. Prevalencia y persistencia del insomnio crónico Estudio SUECA II. Acta Med Colomb. 2011;36:119-24.

4. Buysse DJ. Chronic Insomnia. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:678-86.

5. Lichstein KL, Durrence HH, Riedel, BW, Bush, AJ. Epidemiology of sleep: age, gender, and ethnicity. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2004.

6. Osuna E. Fundamentos de la Medicina del sueño. Libro 5. El paciente con insomnio. Escala Ltda. Bogotá; 2003.

7. Silber MH. Chronic Insomnia. N Eng J Med. 2005;353:803-10.

8. Reite M, Ruddy J, Nagel K. Evaluación y manejo de los trastornos del sueño. Guía práctica. México D.F.- Bogotá: Manual Moderno; 2003.

9. Ferini-Strambi L. Prevalence of sleep disorderschanges with age and culture.Insom. 2003;2:21-33.

10. Leger D, Poursain B. An international survey of insomnia: under-recognition and under-treatment of a polysymptomatic condition. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2005;21(11):1785-92.

11. Alvarado R. Frecuencia del insomnio en México. Arch Neurociencias. 1997;2(2):114-21.

12. Blanco M, Kriber N, Cardinali DP. Encuesta sobre dificultades del sueño en una población urbana latinoamericana. Rev Neurol. 2004;39(2):115-9.

13. Masters PA. Insomnia in the Clinic. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:ITC4-1.

14. Taylor DJ, Mallory LJ, Lichstein KL, Durrence HH, Riedel BW, Bush AJ. Comorbidity ofchronic insomnia with medical problems. Sleep. 2007 Feb;30(2):213-8.

15. Spiegelhalder K, Regen W, Nanovska S, Baglioni C, Riemann D. Comorbid sleep disorders in neuropsychiatric disorders across the life cycle. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013 Jun;15(6):364.

16. Baglioni C, Battagliese G, Feige B, Spiegelhalder K, Nissen C, Voderholzer U, et al. Insomnia as a predictor of depression: a meta-analytic evaluation of longitudinal epidemiological studies. J Affect Disord. 2011 Dec;135(1-3):10-9.

17. Gellis LA, Lichstein KL, Scarinci IC, Durrence HH, Taylor DJ, Bush AJ, et al. Socioeconomic status and insomnia. J Abnorm Psychol. 2005;114:111-8.

18. Paine SJ, Gander PH, Harris R, Reid P. Who reports insomnia? Relationships with age, sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic deprivation. Sleep. 2004;27:1163-9.

19. Ohayon M. Prevalence and Correlates of Nonrestorative Sleep Complaints . Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:35-41.

20. Kupfer DJ, Reynolds CF. Management of Insomnia. N Eng J Med. 1997;336(5):341-6.

21. Bryant PA, Trinder J, Curtis N. Sick and tired: Does sleep have a vital role in the immune system? Nat Rev Immunol. 2004;4:457-67.

22. Spiegel K, Tasali E, Penev P, Van Cauter E. Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Dec 7;141(11):846-50.

23. Schmid SM, Hallsschmid M, Jauch-Chara K, Born J, Schultes B. A single night of sleep deprivation increases ghrelin levels and feelings of hunger in normal-weight healthy men. Journal of Sleep Research. 2008;17:331-4. Doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00662.x

24. Ayas NT, White DP, Al-Delaimy WK, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE, et al. A prospective study of self-reported sleep duration and incident diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:380-4.

25. Ip MS, Lam B, Ng MM, Lam WK, Tsang KW, Lam KS. Obstructive sleep apnea is independently associated with insulin resistance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:670-6.

26. Punjabi NM, Sorkin JD, Katzel LI, Goldberg AP, Schwartz AR, Smith PL. Sleep-disordered breathing and insulin resistance in middle-aged and overweight men. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:677-82.

27. Vgontzas AN, Papanicolaou DA, Bixler EO, Hopper K, Lotsikas A, Lin HM, et al. Sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness and fatigue: relation to visceral obesity, insulin resistance, and hypercytokinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:1151-8.

28. Wingard DL, Berkman LF. Mortality risk associated with sleeping patterns among adults. Sleep. 1983;6:102-7.

29. Spiegel K, Knutson K, Leproult R, Tasali E, van Cauter E. Sleep loss: a novel risk factor for insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005 Nov;99(5):2008-19. DOI: 10.1152/ japplphysiol.00660.2005

30. Liu Y, Tanaka H. Overtime work, insufficient sleep, and risk of non-fatal acute myocardial infarction in Japanese men. Occup Environ Med. 2002;59:447-51.

31. Laugsand LE, Vatten LJ, Platou C, Janszky I. Insomnia and the risk of acute myocardial infarction: a population study. Circulation. 2011;124:2073-81.

32. Meier-Ewert HK, Ridker PM, Rifai N, Regan MM, Price NJ, Dinges DF, et al. Effect of sleep loss on C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker of cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:678-83.

33. Shamsuzzaman AS, Gersh BJ, Somers VK. Obstructive sleep apnea: implications for cardiac and vascular disease. JAMA. 2003;290:1906-14.

34. Spiegel K, Sheridan JF, Van Cauter E. Effect of sleep deprivation on response to immunization [Letter]. JAMA. 2002;288:1471-2.

35. Opp MR, Toth LA. Neural-immune interactions in the regulation of sleep. Front Biosci. 2003;8:768-79.

36. Mullington J, Korth C, Hermann DM, Orth A, Galanos C, Holsboer F, et al. Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on human sleep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2000;278:R947-55.

37. Späth-Schwalbe E, Hansen K, Schmidt F, Schrezenmeier H, Marshall L, Burger K, et al. Acute effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 on endocrine and central nervous sleep functions in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:1573-9.

38. Gourmelon P, Briet D, Clarencon D, Court L, Tsiang H. Sleep alterations in experimental street rabies virus infection occur in the absence of major EEG abnormalities. Brain Res. 1991;554:159-65.

39. Hemachudha T, Laothamatas J, Rupprecht CE. Human rabies: a disease of complex neuropathogenetic mechanisms and diagnostic challenges. Lancet Neurol. 2002;1:101-9.

40. White JL, Darko DF, Brown SJ, Miller JC, Hayduk R, Kelly T, et al. Early central nervous system response to HIV infection: sleep distortion and cognitive-motor decrements. AIDS. 1995;9:1043-50.

41. Weatherstone KB, Franck LS, Klein NJ. Are there opportunities to decrease nosocomial infection by choice of analgesic regimen? Evidence for immunity and pain interactions. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157:1108-14.

42. Tamakoshi A, Ohno Y. Self-reported sleep duration as a predictor of all-cause mortality: results from the JACC study, Japan. Sleep. 2004;141:846-50.

43. Kripke DF, Simons RN, Garfinkel L, Hammond EC. Short and long sleep and sleeping pills. Is increased mortality associated? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1979;36:103-16.

44. Kripke DF, Garfinkel L, Wingard DL, Klauber MR, Marler MR. Mortality associated with sleep duration and insomnia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:131-6.

45. Schutte-Rodin S, Broch L, Buysse D, Dorsey C, Sateia M. Clinical guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4:487-504.

46. Epstein LJ, Kristo D, Strollo PJ, Friedman N, Malhotra A, Patil SP, et al. Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Clinical guideline for the evaluation, management and long-term care of obstructive sleep apnea in adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2009;5:263-76.

47. Espie CA, Kyle SD, Hames P, Gardani M. Fleming L, Cape J. The Sleep Condition Indicator: a clinical screening tool to evaluate insomnia disorder. BMJ Open. 2014; Mar 18;4(3).

48. National Sleep Foundation. Sleep Diary. Arlington, VA, USA. Disponible en https://sleepfoundation.org/ content/nsf-official-sleep-diary

49. Carney CE, Buysse DJ, Ancoli-Israel S, Edinger JD, Krystal AD, Lichstein KL, et al. The consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring. Sleep. 2012 Feb 1;35(2):287-302.

50. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 3rd ed. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.

51. Stepanski EJ, Wyatt JK. Use of sleep hygiene in the treatment of insomnia. Sleep Med Rev. 2003 Jun;7(3):215-25.

52. Mitchell MD, Gehrman P, Perlis M, Umscheid CA. Comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review. BMC Fam Pract. 2012 May 25;13:40.

53. Ebben MR, Spielman AJ. Non-pharmacological treatments for insomnia. J Behav Med. 2009 Jun;32(3):244-54.

54. Sivertsen B, Omvik S, Pallesen S, Bjorvatn B, Havik OE, Kvale G, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy vs zopiclone for treatment of chronic primary insomnia in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006 Jun 28;295(24):2851-8.

55. Jacobs GD, Pace-Schott EF, Stickgold R, Otto MW. Cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for insomnia: a randomized controlled trial and direct comparison. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Sep 27;164(17):1888-96.

56. Morin CM, Mimeault V, Gagné A. Nonpharmacological treatment of late-life insomnia. J Psychosom Res. 1999 Feb;46(2):103-16.

57. Miller CB, Espie CA, Epstein DR, Friedman L, Morin CM, Pigeon WR, et al. The evidence base of sleep restriction therapy for treating insomnia disorder. Sleep Med Rev. 2014 Oct;18(5):415-24. doi: 10.1016/j. smrv.2014.01.006.

58. Riemann D, Spiegelhalder K, Feige B, Voderholzer U, Berger M, Perlis M, et al. The hyperarousal model of insomnia: a review of the concept and its evidence. Sleep Med Rev. 2010 Feb;14(1):19-31.

59. Roehrs T, Hollebeek E, Drake C, Roth T. Substance use for insomnia in Metropolitan Detroit. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53:571-6.

60. Basu R, Dodge H, Stoehr GP, Ganguli M. Sedativehypnotic use of diphenhydramine in a rural, older adult, community-based cohort: effects on cognition. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;11:205-13.

61. Lifshitz A, Halabe J, Islas S, Foncerrada M. Insomnio. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 1985;23:145-8.

62. Van de Griend JP, Anderson SL. Histamine- 1 receptor antagonism for treatment of insomnia. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2012;52(6):e210-9.

63. Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Hooton N, Pandya R, Tjosvold L, Hartling L, et al. Efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for secondary sleep disorders and sleep disorders accompanying sleep restriction: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2006;332:385-93.

64. Sarris J, Byrne GJ. A systematic review of insomnia and complementary medicine. Sleep Med Rev. 2011;15:99-106.

65. Fernández-San-Martín MI, Masa-Font R, Palacios- Soler L, Sancho-Gómez P, Calbó-Caldentey C, Flores-Mateo G. Effectiveness of Valerian on insomnia: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Sleep Med. 2010;11:505-11.

66. Minkel J, Krystal AD. Optimizing the Pharmacologic Treatment of Insomnia: Current Status and Future Horizons. Sleep Med Clin. 2013 Sep 1;8(3):333-50.

67. Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Friesen C, Bialy L, Tubman M, Ospina M, et al. The efficacy and safety of drug treatments for chronic insomnia in adults: a metaanalysis of RCTs. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22:1335-50.

68. Glass J, Lanctôt KL, Herrmann N, Sproule BA, Busto UE. Sedative hypnotics in older people with insomnia: meta-analysis of risks and benefits. BMJ. 2005;331:1169.

69. Dündar Y, Boland A, Strobl J, Dodd S, Haycox A, Bagust A, et al. Newer hypnotic drugs for the short-term management of insomnia: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2004;8:iii-x, 1-125.

70. Smith MT, Perlis ML, Park A, Smith MS, Pennington J, Giles DE, et al. Comparative meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy for persistent insomnia. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:5-11.

71. Morin AK, Jarvis CI, Lynch AM. Therapeutic options for sleep-maintenance and sleep-onset insomnia. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27:89-110.

72. Passarella S, Duong MT. Diagnosis and treatment of insomnia. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2008;65:927-34.

73. Krystal AD. A compendium of placebo-controlled trials of the risks/benefits of pharmacological treatments for insomnia: the empirical basis for U.S. clinical practice. Sleep Med Rev. 2009 Aug;13(4):265-74.

74. Walsh JK, Krystal AD, Amato DA, , Rubens R, Caron J, Wessel TC, et al. Nightly treatment of primary insomnia with eszopiclone for six months: effect on sleep, quality of life, and work limitations. Sleep. 2007 Aug;30(8):959-68.

75. Perlis ML, McCall WV, Krystal AD, Walsh JK. Longterm, nonnightly administration of zolpidem in the treatment of patients with primary insomnia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Aug;65(8):1128-37.

76. Krystal AD, Erman M, Zammit GK, Soubrane C, Roth T; ZOLONG Study Group. Long-term efficacy and safety of zolpidem extended release 12.5 mg, administered 3 to 7 nights per week for 24 weeks, in patients with chronic primary insomnia: a 6- month, randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled, parallel- group, multicenter study. Sleep. 2008 Jan;31(1):79-90.