medigraphic.com
ISSN 0210-5187 (Digital)

2016, Número S1

<< Anterior

Med Cutan Iber Lat Am 2016; 44 (S1)


Actualización y recomendaciones para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la rosácea en Latinoamérica

Troielli P, González OFM, Ríos YJM, Vázquez MOT, Pabón MJG, Ibarra M, Fernández BR, Quiñones VR, Barona MI, Piancastelli A, Larralde M, Alcalá PD, Costa ALM, Meléndez E, Molina CMT, Torezan L, Torres LV

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 139
Paginas: 7-26
Archivo PDF: 389.95 Kb.


RESUMEN

La rosácea es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica que se presenta con eritema centrofacial permanente, con episodios transitorios de intensificación asociados a factores desencadenantes y otros síntomas y signos variados. A nivel mundial, son escasas las publicaciones sobre la epidemiología de la rosácea y, particularmente, en Latinoamérica. Existe la necesidad de un nuevo método de clasificación y gradación de la severidad de la rosácea, con herramientas de evaluación eficaces, confiables, reproducibles y de fácil manejo. Un abordaje terapéutico dirigido a los síntomas y signos presentes asociado a la correcta identificación del grado de comorbilidad emocional del paciente puede brindar una rápida resolución y mejoría del cuadro clínico aumentando la adherencia al tratamiento. Estas recomendaciones han sido elaboradas con base en la revisión de la evidencia científica sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la rosácea y discutidas por el grupo de expertos dermatólogos de diferentes países de Latinoamérica.


REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

  1. Wilkin J, Dahl M, Detmar M et al. Standard classification of rosacea: report of the National Rosacea Society Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002; 46: 584-587.

  2. Del Rosso JQ, Webster GF, Jackson M et al. Two randomized phase III clinical trials evaluating anti-inflammatory dose doxycycline (40-mg doxycycline, USP capsules) administered once daily for treatment of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007; 56: 791-780.

  3. Barona MI, Orozco B, Motta A et al. Rosacea, actualización. Piel. 2015; 30: 485-502.

  4. Moustafa FA, Sandoval LF, Feldman SR. Rosacea: new and emerging treatments. Drugs. 2014; 74: 1457-1465.

  5. Tan J, Berg M. Rosacea: current state of epidemiology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013; 69 (6 Suppl 1): S27-35.

  6. Gutierrez EL, Galarza C, Ramos W et al. Influence of climatic factors on the medical attentions of dermatologic diseases in a hospital of Lima, Peru. An Bras Dermatol. 2010; 85: 461-468.

  7. McAleer MA, Fitzpatrick P, Powell FC. Papulopustular rosacea: prevalence and relationship to photodamage. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010; 63: 33-39.

  8. Spoendlin J, Voegel JJ, Jick SS et al. A study on the epidemiology of rosacea in the UK. Br J Dermatol. 2012; 167: 598-605.

  9. Tan J, Schöfer H, Araviiskaia E et al. Prevalence of rosacea in the general population of Germany and Russia –The RISE study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016; 30: 428-434.

  10. Augustin M, Herberger K, Hintzen S, Heigel H, Franzke N, Schäfer I. Prevalence of skin lesions and need for treatment in a cohort of 90,880 workers. Br J Dermatol. 2011; 165: 865-867.

  11. Bonamigo RR, Bakos L, Cartell A. Fatores associados à rosácea em amostras populacionais do sul do Brasil: análise de estudos casos-controles. An Bras Dermatol. 2008; 83 (5): 419-424.

  12. Al-Dabagh A, Davis SA, McMichael AJ, Feldman SR. Rosacea in skin of color: not a rare diagnosis. Dermatol Online J. 2014; 20 (10): pii: 13030/qt1mv9r0ss.

  13. Wilkin J. Standard grading system for rosacea: report of the National Rosacea Society Expert Committee on the classification and staging of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004; 50: 907-912.

  14. Crawford GH, Pelle MT, James WD. Rosacea: I. Etiology, pathogenesis, and subtype classification. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004; 51: 327-341.

  15. Lee WJ, Jung JM, Lee YJ, Won CH, Chang SE, Choi JH et al. Histopathological analysis of 226 patients with rosacea according to rosacea subtype and severity. Am J Dermatopathol. 2015; 38 (5): 347-352.

  16. Bae YI, Yun SJ, Lee JB et al. Clinical evaluation of 168 Korean patients with rosacea: The sun exposure correlates with the erythematotelangiectatic subtype. Ann Dermatol. 2009; 21: 243-249.

  17. Barco D, Alomar A. Rosácea. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2008; 99: 244-256.

  18. Two AM, Wu W, Gallo RL, Hata TR. Rosacea: Part I. Introduction, categorization, histology, pathogenesis, and risk factors. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015; 72: 749-758.

  19. Allevato MA, Donatti LB. Rosácea. Eduación continua. Act Terap Dermatol. 2004; 27: 6-9.

  20. Odom R. The nosology of rosacea. Cutis. 2004; 74 (Suppl 3): 5-8, 32-34.

  21. Buechner SA. Rosacea: an update. Dermatology. 2005; 210: 100-108.

  22. Pelle MT. Rosacea. Fitzpatrick’s. Dermatology in general medicine. Séptima edición. Vol. 79. EUA: Editorial McGraw Hill Medical; 2008. pp. 741-747.

  23. Vieira AC, Mannis MJ. Ocular rosacea: common and commonly missed. J Am Acad Dermatol [Review]. 69(6 Suppl 1): S36-41, 2013.

  24. Molina AL, Londoño A, Escobar SM, Benítez M. Guías clínicas para el tratamiento de la rosácea. Rev Asoc Colomb Dermatol. 2012; 20: 339-364.

  25. Tan J, Blume-Peytavi U, Ortonne JP et al. An observational cross-sectional survey of rosacea: clinical associations and progression between subtypes. Br J Dermatol. 2013; 169: 555-562.

  26. Del Rosso JQ, Thiboutot D, Gallo R, Webster G, Tanghetti E, Eichenfield L et al. Consensus recommendations from the American Acne & Rosacea Society on the management of rosacea, part 1: a status report on the disease state, general measures, and adjunctive skin care. Cutis. 2013; 92 (5): 234-240.

  27. Hopkinson D, Moradi Tuchayi S, Alinia H, Feldman SR. Assessment of rosacea severity: a review of evaluation methods used in clinical trials. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015; 73: 138-143.

  28. Two AM, Wu W, Gallo RL, Hata TR. Rosacea: part II. Topical and sistemic therapies in the treatment of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015; 72: 761-770.

  29. Abokwidir M, Fleischer AB Jr. Additional evidence that rosacea pathogenesis may involve demodex: new information from the topical efficacy of ivermectin and praziquantel. Dermatol Online J. 2015; 21 (9): pii: 13030/qt13v249f5.

  30. Melnik BC. Rosacea: the blessing of the celts –an approach to pathogenesis through translational research. Acta Derm Venereol. 2016; 96 (2): 147-156. doi: 10.2340/00015555-2220.

  31. Vemuri RC, Gundamaraju R, Sekaran SD, Manikam R. Major pathophysiological correlations of rosacea: a complete clinical appraisal. Int J Med Sci. 2015; 12: 387-396.

  32. Del Rosso JQ. Advances in understanding and managing rosacea, part 1: connecting the dots between pathophysiological mechanisms and common clinical features of rosacea with emphasis on vascular changes and facial erythema. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2012; 5 (3): 16-25.

  33. Yamasaki K, Gallo RL. The molecular pathology of rosacea. J Dermatol Sci. 2009; 55: 77-81.

  34. Yamasaki K, Di Nardo A, Bardan A et al. Increased serine protease activity and cathelicidin promotes skin inflammation in rosacea. Nat Med. 2007; 13: 975-980.

  35. Del Rosso JQ, Gallo RL, Tanghetti E et al. An evaluation of potential correlations between pathophysiologic mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and management of rosacea. Cutis. 2013; 91 (Suppl 3): 1-8.

  36. Ríos-Yuil JM, Mercadillo-Perez P. Evaluation of Demodex folliculorum as a risk factor for the diagnosis of rosacea in skin biopsies. Mexico’s General Hospital (1975-2010). Indian J Dermatol. 2013; 58: 157.

  37. Whitfeld MJ, Gunasingam N. Reply to: ‘‘Could a simple microbiological culture and an antibiogram guide the treatment of our patients with papulopustular rosacea?’’. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015; 73 (3): e115.

  38. Uchida Y, Houben E, Park K et al. Hydrolytic pathway protects against ceramide-induced apoptosis in keratinocytes exposed to UVB. J Invest Dermatol. 2010; 130: 2472-2480.

  39. Uchida Y, Kim YI, Park K. Signaling roles of ceramide and its metabolites in cutaneous antimicrobial defense. Dermatologica Sinica. 2015; 33: 78-83.

  40. Park K, Elias PM, Shin KO et al. A novel role of a lipid species, sphingosine-1-phosphate, in epithelial innate immunity. Mol Cell Biol. 2013; 33: 752-762.

  41. Tóth BI, Géczy T, Griger Z et al. Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 signaling as a regulator of human sebocyte biology. J Invest Dermatol. 2009; 129 (2): 329-339. doi: 10.1038/jid.2008.258. Epub 2008 Sep 4.

  42. Shi VY, Leo M, Hassoun L, Chahal DS, Maibach HI, Sivamani RK. Role of sebaceous glands in inflammatory dermatoses. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015; 73 (5): 856-863.

  43. Park K, Elias PM, Oda Y et al. Regulation of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide expression by an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, vitamin D receptor-independent pathway. J Biol Chem. 2011; 286: 34121-34130.

  44. Lacz NL, Schwartz RA. Rosacea in the pediatric population. Cutis. 2004; 74: 99-103.

  45. Kroshinsky D, Glick SA. Pediatric rosacea. Dermatol Therapy. 2006; 19: 196-201.

  46. Drolet B, Paller AS. Childhood rosacea. Pediatr Dermatol. 1992; 9: 22-26.

  47. Aldrich N, Gerstenblith M, Fu P, Tuttle MS et al. Genetic vs environmental factors that correlate with rosacea: a cohort-based survey of twins. JAMA Dermatol. 2015; 151: 1213-1219.

  48. Chang AL, Raber I, Xu J, Li R et al. Assessment of the genetic basis of rosacea by genome-wide association study. J Invest Dermatol. 2015; 135: 1548-1545.

  49. Chamaillard M, Mortemousque B, Boralevi F, Marques da Costa C et al. Cutaneous and ocular signs of childhood rosacea. Arch Dermatol. 2008; 144: 167-171.

  50. Roul S, Léauté-Labrèze C, Boralevi F, Bioulac-Sage P et al. Idiopatic aseptic facial granuloma (pyodermite froide du visage): a pediatric entity? Arch Dermatol. 2001; 137: 1253-1255.

  51. Neri I, Raone B, Dondi A, Misciali C et al. Should idiopatic facial aseptic granuloma be considered granulomatous rosacea? Report of three pediatric cases. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013; 30: 109-111.

  52. Boralevi F, Léauté-Labrèze C, Lepreux S, Barbarot S et al. Idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma: a multicentre prospective study of 30 cases. Br J Dermatol. 2007; 156: 705-708.

  53. Zitelli KB, Sheil AT, Fleck R, Schwentker A, Lucky AW. Idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma: review of an evolving clinical entity. Pediatr Dermatol. 2015; 32 (4): 136-139.

  54. Prey S, Ezzedine K, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, Eschard C et al. IFAG and childhood rosacea: a possible link? Pediatr Dermatol. 2013; 30: 429-432.

  55. Baroni A, Russo T, Faccenda F, Piccolo V. Idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma in a child: a possible expression of childhood rosacea. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013; 30: 394-395.

  56. Flórez-White M. Acné y enfermedades relacionadas. En: Larralde M, Abad E, Luna P. Dermatología pediátrica. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Journal; 2010. pp. 359-362.

  57. Krowchuk P, Gelmetti C, Lucky AW. Acne. In: Schachner L, Hansen RC. Pediatric dermatology. Elsevier Ltd. (Ciudad); 2010.

  58. Daniel P, Krowchuk DP, Gelmetti C, Lucky AW. Acne. In: Krafchik BR, Lucky AM, Paller AS, Rogers M et al. Pediatric dermatology. Elsevier Ltd; 2011.

  59. Alperovich R, Martínez JP, Morita L, Luna PC, Abad ME, Boggio P et al. Granuloma facial aséptico idiopático: estudio de 21 pacientes. Trabajo presentado en las IX Jornadas de Dermatología en Lenguaje Pediátrico. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2014.

  60. Scheinfeld N, Berk T. A review of the diagnosis and treatment of rosacea. Postgrad Med. 2010; 122 (1): 139-143.

  61. Ceilley RI. Advances in the topical treatment of acne and rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol. 2004; 3 (Suppl 5): S12-22.

  62. Torres V, Camacho F, Mihm M, González S, Jurado F, Sánchez C. Dermatología Práctica Ibero-Latinoamericana. Cap 60: Rosacea. 2.ª ed. Editorial Lito Laser; 2012.

  63. Del Rosso J. The prevalence of seborrheic dermatitis in patients with other commonly encountered facial dermatoses. Poster presentation, American Academy of Dermatology Summer Meeting. New York; July 2004.

  64. Greaves MW, Burova BE. Flushing: causes, investigation and clinical consequences. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 1997; 8 (2): 91-100.

  65. Diamantis S, Waldorf HA. Rosacea: clinical presentation pathophysiology. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006; 5 (1): 8-12.

  66. Chen W, Plewig G. Human demodicosis: revisit and a proposed classification. Br J Dermatol. 2014; 170: 1219-1225.

  67. Bolognia J, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV. Dermatology. Cap 37. 3.ª ed. Editorial Elsevier; 2012.

  68. Van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Carter B, van der Linden MM, Charland L. Interventions for rosacea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015; 4: CD003262.

  69. Powell PC. Rosacea. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 793-803.

  70. Baldwin HE. Systemic therapy for rosacea. Skin Therapy Lett. 2007; 12: 1-5, 9.

  71. Both H, Essink-Bot ML, Busschbach J, Nijsten T. Critical review of generic and dermatology-specific health-related quality of life instruments. J Invest Dermatol. 2007; 127: 2726-2739.

  72. Le CL, Chassany O, Levy A, Wolkenstein P, Chosidow O. Poor reporting of quality of life outcomes in dermatology randomized controlled clinical trials. Dermatology. 2008; 216: 46-55.

  73. Van der Linden MM, Van Rappard DC, Daams JG, Sprangers MAG, Spuls PI, De Korte J. Health-related quality of life in patients with cutaneous rosacea: a systematic review. Acta Derm Venereol. 2015; 95: 395-400.

  74. Bewley A, Fowler J, Schöfer H, Kerrouche N, Rives V. Erythema of rosacea impairs health-related quality of life: results of a meta-analysis. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2016: [Epub ahead of print].

  75. National Rosacea Society. Rosacea Review. Summer 2011. Disponible en: http://www.rosacea.org/rr/2011/summer/article_3.php.

  76. National Rosacea Society. Rosacea can affect workplace interactions, survey reveals. Rosacea Review. Fall 2015. Disponible en: http://www.rosacea.org/rr/2015/fall/article_3.php

  77. Chodkiewicz J, Salmon M, Minkiszewska J, Wozniacka A. Psychosocial impact of rosacea. Przegl Lek. 2007; 64 (12): 997-1001.

  78. Tan SG, Cunliffe WJ. Rosacea and migraine. Br Med J. 1976; 1: 21.

  79. Boehncke WH, Ochsendorf F, Paeslack I et al. Decorative cosmetics improve the quality of life in patients with disfiguring skin diseases. Eur J Dermatol. 2002; 12: 577-580.

  80. Hua TC, Chung PI, Chen YJ, Wu LC et al. Cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with rosacea: A nationwide case-control study from Taiwan. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015; 73 (2): 249-254.

  81. Li WQ, Zhang M, Danby FW, Han J, Qureschi AA. Personal history of rosacea and risk of incident cancer among women in the US. Br J Cancer. 2015; 113 (3): 520-523.

  82. Chang AL, Chung PI, Chen YJ et al. Assessment of the genetic basis of rosacea by genome-wide association study. J Invest Dermatol. 2015; 135: 1548-1555.

  83. Emer J, Waldorf H, Berson D. Botanicals and anti-inflammatories: natural ingredients for rosacea. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2011; 30 (3): 148-155.

  84. Ortiz A, Elkeeb L, Truitt A, Hindiyeh R, Aquino L, Tran M et al. Topical PRK 124 (0.125%) lotion for improving the signs and symptoms of rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009; 8(5):459-62.

  85. Weber TM, Ceilley RI, Buerger A, Kolbe L, Trookman NS, Rizer RL et al. Skin tolerance, efficacy, and quality of life of patients with red facial skin using a skin care regimen containing licochalcone A. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2006; 5: 227-232.

  86. Rigopoulos D, Kalogeromitros D, Gregoriou S, Pacouret JM, Koch C, Fisher N et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of a flavonoid-rich plant extract-based cream in the treatment of rosacea. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2005; 19: 564-568.

  87. Seite S, Benech F, Berdah S, Bayer M, Veyrat S, Segot E et al. Management of rosacea-prone skin: evaluation of a skincare product containing Ambophenol, Neurosensine, and La Roche-Posay Thermal spring water as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013; 12 (8): 920-924.

  88. Draelos ZD, Fuller BB. Efficacy of 1% 4-ethoxybenzaldehyde in reducing facial erythema. Dermatol Surg. 2005; 31: 881-885.

  89. Wozniacka A, Wieczorkowska M, Gebicki J, Sysa-Jedrzejowska A. Topical application of 1-methylnicotinamide in the treatment of rosacea: a pilot study. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2005; 30: 632-635.

  90. Draelos ZD, Ertel K, Berge C. Niacinamide-containing facial moisturizer improves skin barrier and benefits subjects with rosacea. Cutis. 2005; 76: 135-141.

  91. Berardesca E, Cameli N, Cavallotti C, Levy JL, Piérard GE, de Paoli Ambrosi G. Combined effects of silymarin and methylsulfonylmethane in the management of rosacea: Clinical and instrumental evaluation. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2008; 7 (1): 8-14.

  92. Wu JJ, Weinstein GD, Kricorian GJ, Kormeili T, McCullough JL. Topical kinetin 0.1% lotion for improving the signs and symptoms of rosacea. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007; 32: 693-695.

  93. Ferrari A1, Diehl C. Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerance of a topical gel with 4% quassia extract in the treatment of rosacea. J Clin Pharmacol. 2012; 52 (1): 84-88.

  94. Del Rosso JQ, Baldwin H, Webster G; American Acne & Rosacea Society. American Acne & Rosacea Society rosacea medical management guidelines. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008; 7: 531-533.

  95. Taieb A, Ortonne JP, Ruzicka T, Roszkiewicz J, Berth-Jones J, Peirone MH et al; Ivermectin Phase III study group. Superiority of ivermectin 1% cream over metronidazole 0.75% cream in treating inflammatory lesions of rosacea: a randomized, investigator-blinded trial. Br J Dermatol. 2015; 172: 1103-1110.

  96. Stein L, Kircik L, Fowler J, Tan J, Draelos Z, Fleischer A et al. Efficacy and safety of ivermectin 1% cream in treatment of papulopustular rosacea: results of two randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled pivotal studies. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014; 13 (3): 316-323.

  97. Zip C. An update on the role of topical metronidazole in rosacea. Skin Therapy Lett. 2006; 11: 1-4.

  98. Gooderham M. Rosacea and its topical management. Skin Therapy Lett. 2009; 14 (2): 1-3.

  99. Jackson JM, Knuckles M, Minni JP, Johnson SM, Belasco KT. The role of brimonidine tartrate gel in the treatment of rosacea. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015; 8: 529-538.

  100. Piwnica D, Rosignoli C, de Ménonville ST et al. Vasoconstriction and anti-inflammatory properties of the selective α-adrenergic receptor agonist brimonidine. J Dermatol Sci. 2014; 75 (1): 49-54.

  101. Holmes AD, Waite KA, Chen MC, Palaniswamy K, Wiser TH, Draelos ZD et al. Dermatological adverse events associated with topical brimonidine gel 0.33% in subjects with erythema of rosacea: a retrospective review of clinical studies. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2015; 8 (8): 29-35.

  102. Feldman SR. Rosacea: new and emerging treatments. Drugs. 2014; 74 (13): 1457-1465.

  103. Shanler SD, Ondo AL. Successful treatment of the erythema and flushing of rosacea using a topically applied selective alpha1-adrenergic receptor agonist, oxymetazoline. Arch Dermatol. 2007; 143: 1369-1371.

  104. Del Rosso JQ. Anti-inflammatory dose doxycycline in the treatment of rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009; 8: 664-668.

  105. Fowler JF Jr. Combined effect of anti-inflammatory dose doxycycline (40-mg doxycycline, USP monohydrate controlled-release capsules) and metronidazole topical gel 1% in the treatment of rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007; 6: 641-645.

  106. Wise RD. Submicrobial doxycycline and rosacea. Compr Ther. 2007; 33: 78-81.

  107. Layton A, Thiboutot D. Emerging therapies in rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013; 69 (6 Suppl 1): S57-S65.

  108. Thomas J, Walker C, Bradshaw M. Long-term use of subantimicrobial dose doxycycline does not lead to changes in antimicrobial susceptibility. J Periodontol. 2000; 71: 1472-1483.

  109. Del Rosso JQ, Schlessinger J, Werschler P. Comparison of anti-inflammatory dose doxycycline versus doxycycline 100 mg in the treatment of rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008; 7 (6): 573-576.

  110. Leyden JJ, Del Rosso JQ. Oral antibiotic therapy for acne vulgaris: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic perspectives. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2011; 4: 40-47.

  111. Jackson JM, Kircik LH, Lorenz DJ. Eficacy of extended-release 45 mg oral minocycline and extended-release 45 mg oral minocycline plus 15% azelaic acid in the treatment of acne rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013; 12 (3): 292-298.

  112. Torresani C. Clarithromycin: a new perspective in rosacea treatment. Int J Dermatol. 1998; 37: 347-349.

  113. Bakar O, Demircay Z, Gürbüz O. Therapeutic potential of azithromycin in rosacea. Int J Dermatol. 2004; 43: 151-154.

  114. Saihan EM, Burton JL. A double-blind trial of metronidazole versus oxytetracycline therapy for rosacea. Br J Dermatol. 1980; 102: 443-445.

  115. Pelle MT, Crawford GH, James WD. Rosacea: II therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004; 51: 499-512, quiz 513-514.

  116. Dicken CH. Retinoids: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1984; 11: 541-552.

  117. Nickle SB, Peterson N, Peterson M. Updated physician’s guide to the off-label uses of oral isotretinoin. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014; 7 (4): 22-34.

  118. Hofer T. Continuous ‘microdose’ isotretinoin in adult recalcitrant rosacea. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2004; 29 (2): 204-205.

  119. Gollnick H, Blume-Peytavi U, Szabo EL et al. Systemic isotretinoin in the treatment of rosacea –doxycycline and placebo-controlled, randomized clinical study. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010; 8 (7): 505-515.

  120. Bamford JT, Gessert CE, Haller IV, Kruger K, Johnson BP. Randomized, double-blind trial of 220 mg zinc sulfate twice daily in the treatment of rosacea. Int J Dermatol. 2012; 51 (4): 459-462.

  121. Park JM, Mun JH, Song M, Kim HS, Kim BS, Kim MB et al. Propranolol, doxycycline and combination therapy for the treatment of rosacea. J Dermatol. 2015; 42 (1): 64-69.

  122. Lee JY. Rosacea: clinical aspects, pathogenesis and treatment. Dermatol Sinica. 2005; 23: 121-130.

  123. Mak IT, Weglicki WB. Potent antioxidant properties of 4-hydroxylpropranolol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004; 308: 85-90.

  124. Dicken CH. Treatment of the red nose with the Argon laser. Mayo Clin Proc. 1986; 61: 893-895.

  125. Noe JM, Finley J, Rosen S, Arndt KA. Postrhinoplasty “red nose”: differential diagnosis and treatment by laser. Plast Reconstruc Surg. 1981; 67: 661-664.

  126. Saddick NS. A structural approach to nonablative rejuvenation. Cosmetic Dermatol. 2002; 15: 39-43.

  127. Anderson RR, Parrish JA. Selective photothermolysis: precise microsurgery by selective absorption of pulsed radiation. Science. 1983: 220: 524-527.

  128. Anderson RR, Parrish JA. Microvasculature can be selectively damaged using dye lasers: a basic theory and experimental evidence in human skin. Lasers Surg Med. 1981; 1: 263-276.

  129. Lowe NJ, Behr KL, Fitzpatrick R, Goldman M, Ruiz-Esparza J. Flash-lamp pumped pulsed dye laser for rosacea-associated telangiectasia and erythema. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1991; 17: 522-525.

  130. Silver BE, Livshots YL. Preliminary experience with KTP/532 nm in the treatment of facial telangiectasia. Cosmetic Dermatol. 1996; 9: 61-64.

  131. Osorio N, Torezan L (ed). Laser em Dermatologia. 2a edição. São Paulo: Roca; 2009.

  132. Tanzi EL, Lupton JR, Alster TS. Lasers in dermatology: four decades of progress. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003; 49: 1-31.

  133. Menezes N, Moreira A, Mota G, Batista A. Quality of life and rosacea. Pulsed dye laser impact. J Cosmetic Laser Ther. 2009; 11: 139-141.

  134. Angermeier MC. Treatment of facial vascular lesions with intense pulsed light. J Cutan Laser Ther. 1999; 1: 95-100.

  135. Weiss RA, Weiss MA, Beasley KL. Rejuvenation of photoaged skin: 5-year results with intense pulsed light of the face, neck and chest. Dermatol Surg. 2002; 28: 1115-1119.

  136. Neuhaus IM, Zane LT, Tope WD. Comparative efficacy of nonpurpuragenic pulsed dye laser and intense pulsed light for erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. Dermatol Surg. 2009; 35: 920-928.

  137. Lim HS, Lee SC, Won YH, Lee JB. The efficacy of intense pulsed light for treating erythematotelangiectatic rosacea is related to severity and age. Ann Dermatol. 2014; 26: 491-495.

  138. Nybaek H, Jemec GB. Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of rosacea. Dermatology. 2005; 211: 135-138.

  139. Bryld LE, Jemec GB. Photodynamic therapy in a series of rosacea patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol. 2007; 21: 1199-202.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com