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2015, Número 1

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Vet Mex 2015; 2 (1)


Diversidad viral de comunidades de murciélagos en paisajes transformados de México

Rico CO, Ojeda FR, Sotomayor BJ, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Loza RE, Aguirre AA, Suzán G

Idioma: Español/Inglés
Referencias bibliográficas: 62
Paginas: 1-23
Archivo PDF: 1398.41 Kb.


RESUMEN

Mediante análisis epidemiológicos integrales, se estudiaron la diversidad beta (entre sitios) y la beta filogenética de sistemas multi-hospederos, así como los virus asociados con comunidades de murciélagos en paisajes fragmentados de Chiapas, Campeche y la zona metropolitana de la Ciudad de México. Se combinaron aplicaciones computacionales, técnicas de detección molecular y la secuenciación de nucleótidos de coronavirus, hantavirus, paramyxovirus y pegivirus con análisis ecológicos y filogenéticos.
Se descubrieron un total de 22 virus en 1 067 muestras pertenecientes a 42 especies de murciélagos, lo que representa una estimación de 78% de la riqueza viral total. Al aplicar el modelo estadístico Chao2 con datos de los 17 genotipos de virus encontrados con el mismo esfuerzo de muestreo, se calculó una riqueza viral de 23 genotipos. Usando un modelo con residuales, se categorizó a las especies hospederas y los tipos de hábitat que tienen mayor riesgo de asociarse con una mayor riqueza viral.
Se encontró una relación positiva entre la diversidad filogenética de los hospederos y la diversidad viral (r = 0.41, P ‹ 0.05) y con la riqueza viral (r = 0.51, P ‹ 0.05). La diversidad beta (tasa de recambio) de las comunidades de virus se explicó por la diversidad beta de los hospederos (r = 0.86, P ‹ 0.05).
Para entender los patrones de cambio en las comunidades virales y de hospederos, la diversidad beta se dividió en: un componente de anidamiento —pérdida de especies— y uno de recambio —disimilitud en la composición—. En Chiapas, la diversidad beta de los hospederos se justificó por la anidación de especies, mientras que la diversidad beta filogenética se definió por el recambio de linaje de los hospederos. Campeche mostró altos valores de anidamiento filogenético y bajo recambio de hospederos. La diversidad beta y la diversidad beta filogenética indicaron que los patrones locales de la estructura de las comunidades de hospederos y las características abióticas regionales en paisajes dominados por actividades antropogénicas son un factor importante en la determinación de la composición de comunidades virales. Este estudio representa el primer esfuerzo en México para entender las relaciones hospedero-virus, a través del estudio de las relaciones entre la diversidad viral y las comunidades de murciélagos en paisajes transformados.


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