Michel-Chávez A, Estañol-Vidal B, Sentíes-Madrid H, Chiquete E, Delgado GR, Castillo-Maya G

Idioma: Ingles.
Referencias bibliográficas: 74
Paginas: 299-305
Archivo PDF: 389.41 Kb.

RESUMEN

Introducción Es muy importante reconocer el sistema de recompensa y aversión del cerebro como una unidad funcional. Una de las funciones fundamentales del cerebro de los mamíferos es la capacidad para designar un valor emocional/motivacional a cualquier estímulo. Esta capacidad permite identificar un estímulo como gratificante y aproximarnos a él, o reconocerlo como aversivo y evitarlo.
Objetivo Comprender los mecanismos fisiológicos del sistema de recompensa-aversión.
Método Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en la base de datos Pubmed con las diferentes palabras clave. Se seleccionaron los documentos sobre los aspectos relevantes.
Resultados Las neuronas dopaminérgicas del área tegmental ventral (ATV) cumplen un papel importante en los comportamientos dependientes de la recompensa. Asimismo, la inhibición de las neuronas dopaminérgicas ATV por parte de las neuronas GABAérgicas contribuye a predecir la recompensa y promueve comportamientos aversivos. Este sistema se activa durante actividades de recompensa y se inhibe durante la aversión. La amígdala es la principal estructura relacionada con la aversión.
Discusión y conclusión Este sistema se considera de gran importancia para la supervivencia de las especies, la que parece ser su función primordial. Interviene en distintas patologías como adicciones, depresión, trastorno por estrés postraumático, fobias y trastornos endocrinos y autonómicos, por lo que el conocimiento de este sistema es de gran importancia clínica.
Aunque se ha avanzado mucho en el estudio y entendimiento de este sistema y de sus circuitos anatómicos ubicados en el ATV mesencefálica y sus conexiones con áreas subcorticales, el conocimiento de este sistema funcional sigue siendo un desafío científico.

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