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2015, Número 3

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Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas 2015; 14 (3)


Factores implicados en el desarrollo de arritmias ventriculares potencialmente fatales en pacientes bajo tratamiento de hemodiálisis

Suárez CAM, Otero MJM, Otero SM

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 66
Paginas: 357-372
Archivo PDF: 156.17 Kb.


RESUMEN

Introducción: los pacientes en hemodiálisis exhiben una frecuencia muy elevada de mortalidad de origen cardiaco.
Objetivo: describir los principales factores implicados en el desarrollo de arritmias ventriculares potencialmente fatales en pacientes bajo tratamiento de hemodiálisis.
Material y Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica a partir de las palabras clave seleccionadas en la base de datos MEDLINE y SciELO disponibles en la red de INFOMED. En la búsqueda se encontraron 150 artículos del tema en cuestión referidos en los últimos 30 años, de los cuales 66 fueron referenciados en este trabajo. Se utilizaron Pubmed y Scielo como motores de búsqueda.
Desarrollo: la hemodiálisis es capaz de inducir isquemia miocárdica y potencialmente conducir a fallo cardiaco, precipitando la aparición de arritmias ventriculares. Un grupo de factores ha sido implicado en la génesis de estas arritmias; sin embargo, los efectos arritmogénicos de la hemodiálisis no han sido uniformemente documentados. La enfermedad cardiaca preexistente y la presencia de factores que actúan como disparadores, algunos de los cuales pueden predominar, son probablemente los mecanismos implicados en el desarrollo de arritmias.
Conclusiones: los factores de mayor importancia implicados en la aparición de arritmias fatales durante la hemodiálisis son la hipertrofia ventricular izquierda asociada a disfunción ventricular; la enfermedad de arterias coronarias preexistente; la isquemia cardiaca aguda inducida por la hemodiálisis; las variaciones abruptas de las concentraciones de electrolitos y la sobreactividad simpática.


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