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2015, Número 3

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Salud Mental 2015; 38 (3)


¿La exposición crónica al alcohol induce neurodegeneración en el Sistema Nervioso Central de la rata?

Hernández-Fonseca K, Martinell P, Reyes-Guzmán C, Méndez M

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 58
Paginas: 167-176
Archivo PDF: 842.45 Kb.


RESUMEN

Antecedentes La exposición crónica al alcohol se asocia con procesos neurotóxicos y neurodegenerativos relacionados con disfunciones cognitivas y de memoria. El daño inducido por alcohol depende de los patrones de consumo de etanol. La exposición prolongada al alcohol induce daño en distintas regiones cerebrales (cortezas prefrontal, perirrinal, entorrinal y parahipocampal, tálamo, hipotálamo, hipocampo y cerebelo) en pacientes alcohólicos y modelos animales de alcoholismo. Sin embargo, no se han estudiado las regiones cerebrales asociadas con el circuito de reforzamiento y recompensa de drogas de abuso.
Objetivo Investigar si la exposición crónica al alcohol induce daño neurodegenerativo en el cerebro de la rata, en particular en el sistema mesocorticolímbico y la amígdala.
Método Ratas Wistar macho fueron expuestas a etanol (10% v/v) o agua por consumo oral durante 30 días y se les privó de la droga por 0, 24 y 48h. Los animales fueron sacrificados y se les extrajo la sangre troncal y el cerebro. Para evaluar el daño neurodegenerativo, se utilizó el marcador fluorescente Fluoro-Jade B. La concentración de alcohol en sangre se determinó por espectrofotometría.
Resultados Se observó un escaso número de células positivas a Fluoro-Jade en las cortezas piriforme y frontal de asociación, el caudado-putamen y el tálamo dorsal. No se encontraron diferencias entre el tratamiento crónico o la privación de alcohol versus el grupo control.
Discusión y conclusión La exposición crónica al alcohol no indujo neurodegeneración en las condiciones utilizadas en este estudio. Probablemente, las concentraciones de alcohol en sangre alcanzadas durante el tratamiento no fueron suficientes para inducir muerte celular.


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