2013, Número S1
Ann Hepatol 2013; 12 (S1)
Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) in children
Flores-Calderón J, Morán-Villota S, Solange-Heller R, Nares-Cisneros J, Zárate-Mondragón F, González-Ortiz B, Chávez-Barrera JA, Vázquez-Frías R, Martínez-Marín EJ, Marín-Rentería N, Bojórquez-Ramos MC, Castillo-De León YA, Ortiz-Galván RC, Varela-Fascinetto G
Idioma: Ingles.
Referencias bibliográficas: 140
Paginas: 3-24
Archivo PDF: 210.80 Kb.
RESUMEN
Sin resumen.
REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)
Shneider B, Emre S, Groszmann R, Karani J, McKiernan P, Sarin S, Shashidhar H, et al. Expert pediatric opinion on the report of Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. Pediatr Transplantation 2006; 10: 893-907.
Shneider BL, Bosch J, de Franchis R, Emre SH, Groszmann RJ, Ling SC, Lorenz JM, et al. Portal hypertension in children: Expert Pediatric Opinion on the Report of the BNavenoV Consensus Workshop on Methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. Pediatr Transplantation 2012; 16: 426437.
Centre for evidence-based medicine. http:// www.cebm.net/downloads/Oxford EBM Levels 5.rtf
Sarin S K, Agarawal SR. Extrahepatic portal vein obstruction. Semin Liver Dis 2002; 22: 43-58.
Alvarez F, Bernard O, Brunelle F, Hadchouel P, Odièvre M, Alagille D. Portal obstruction in children. Clinical investigation and hemorrhage risk. J Pediatr 1983; 103: 693-702.
Flores-Calderón J, López Espinoza V, Aguilar-Calvillo ME, González-Ortiz B, Ortiz-Galván R. Experiencia en el tratamiento de niños con Trombosis Portal. Rev Gastroenterol Mex 2007;72:189-90.
Sarin SK, Sollano JD, Chawla YK, Amarapurkar D, Hamid S, Hashizume M, Jafri W, et al. Members of the APASL Working Party on Portal Hypertension Consensus on Extra-hepatic Portal Vein Obstruction. Liver International 2006; 26: 512-9.
De Franchis R. Evolving consensus in portal hypertension. Report of the Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2005; 43: 167-76.
Yachha SK, Khanduri A, Sharma BC, Kumar M. Gastrointestinal bleeding in children. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 11: 903-7.
Bernard O, Alvarez F, Brunelle F, Hadchouel P, Alagille D. Portal hypertension in children. Clin Gastroenterol 1985; 14: 33-55.
Howard ER, Stringer MD, Mowat AP. Assessment of injection sclerotherapy in management of 152 children with esophageal varices. Br J Surg 1988; 75: 404-8.
Ganguly S, Dasgupta J, Das AS, Biswas K, Mazumder DN. Study of portal hypertension in children with special reference to sclerotherapy. Trop Gastroenterol 1997; 18: 119-21.
Arora NK, Lodha R, Gulati S. Portal hypertension in North Indian Children. Indian J Pediatr 1998: 65: 85-91.
Gonçalves ME, Cardoso SR, Maksoud JG. Prophylactic sclerotherapy in children with esophageal varices: long-term results of a controlled prospective randomized trial. J Pediatr Surg 2000; 35: 401-5.
Celinska-Cedro D, Teisseyre M, Woynarowski M, Socha P, Socha J, Ryzko J. Endoscopic ligation of esophageal varices for prophylaxis of first bleeding in children and adolescents with portal hypertension: preliminary results of a prospective study. J Pediatr Surg 2003; 38: 1008-11.
Sökücü S, Süoglu OD, Elkabes B, Saner G. Long-term outcome after sclerotherapy with or without a beta-blocker for variceal bleeding in children. Pediatr Int 2003; 45: 388-94.
Poddar U, Thapa BR, Rao KL, Singh K. Etiological spectrum of esophageal varices due to portal hypertension in Indian children: is it different from the West? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23: 1354-7.
Maddrey WC, Basu Mallik HC, Iber FL. Extrahepatic portal obstruction of the portal venous system. Surg Gynaecol Obstetr 1968; 127; 989-98.
Web LJ, Sherlock S. The aetiology, presentation and natural history of extra-hepatic portal venous obstruction. QJ Ed 1979; 192: 627-39.
Househam KC, Bowie MD. Extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. S Afr Med J 1983; 64: 234-36.
Boles ET, Wise WE, Birken G. Extrahepatic portal hypertension in children. Long-term evaluation. AM J Surg 1986; 151: 734-39?
Stringer MD, Heaton ND, Karani J. Patterns of portal vein occlusion and their aetiological significance. Br J Surg 1994; 81: 1328-31.
Abd El-Hamid N, Taylor RM, Marinello D, Mufti GJ, Patel R, Mieli-Vergani G, Davenport M, et al. Aetiology and Management of extrahepatic portal vein obstruction in children. King’s College Hospital Experience. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008; 47: 630-4.
Maksoud-Filho JG, Gonçalves ME, Cardoso SR, Gibelli NE, Tannuri U. Long-term follow-up of children with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction: impact of an endoscopic sclerotherapy program on bleeding episodes, hepatic function, hypersplenism, and mortality. J Pediatr Surg 2009; 44: 1877-83.
Weiss B, Shteyer E, Vivante A, Berkowitz D, Reif S, Weizman Z, Bujanover Y, et al. Etiology and long-term outcome of extrahepatic portal vein obstruction in children. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 4968-72.
Odievre M, Pige G, Alagille D. Congenital abnormalities associated with extrahepatic portal hypertension. Arch Dis Child 1977; 52: 383-5.
El-Karaksy H, El-Koofy N, El-Hawary M, Mostafa A, Aziz M, El-Shabrawi M, Mohsen NA, et al. Prevalence of factor V Leiden mutation and other hereditary thrombophilic factors in Egyptian children with portal vein thrombosis: results of a single-center case-control study. Ann Hematol 2004; 83: 712-5.
Dubuisson C, Boyer-Neumann C, Wolf M. Protein C, protein S and antithrombin III in children with portal vein obstruction. J Hepatol 1997; 27: 132-5.
Pinto RB, Silveira TR, Bandinelli E, Röhsig L. Portal Vein Thrombosis in children and Adolescents: The low prevalence of hereditary thrombophilic disorders. J Pediatr Surg 2004; 39: 1356-61.
Thabut D, Moreau R, Lebrec D. Noninvasive assessment of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2011; 53: 683-94.
Primignani M. Portal vein thrombosis, revisited. Dig Liver Dis 2010; 42: 163-70.
Costaguta A, Alvarez F. Portal hypertension in pediatrics. I: Pathophysiology and clinical aspects. Arch Argent Pediatr 2010; 108: 239-42.
Shneider BJ. Portal Hypertension. In: Suchy FJ, Sokol R, Balistreri WF (ed.). Liver disease in children. 3rd. Ed. Cambridge University Press; 2007, p. 138-78.
Morag I, Epelman M, Daneman A, Moineddin R, Parvez B, Shechter T, Hellmann J. Portal vein thrombosis in the neonate: risk factors, course, and outcome. J Pediatr 2006; 148: 735-9.
Morag I, Shah PS, Epelman M, Daneman A, Strauss T, Moore AM. Childhood outcomes of neonates diagnosed with portal vein thrombosis. J Paediatr Child Health 2011; 47: 356-60.
Costaguta A, Alvarez F. Portal hypertension in pediatrics: II: Hemorrhagic complications. Arch Argent Pediatr 2010; 108: 337-42.
Pietrobattista A, Luciani M, Abraldes JG, Candusso M, Pancotti S, Soldati M, Monti L, et al. Extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis in children and adolescents: Influence of genetic thrombophilic disorders. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 6123-7.
Fisher NC, Wilde JT, Roper J, Elias E. Deficiency of natural anticoagulant proteins C, S, and antithrombin in portal vein thrombosis: a secondary phenomenon? Gut 2000; 46: 531-7.
Gana JC, Turner D, Roberts EA, Ling SC. Derivation of a clinical prediction rule for noninvasive diagnosis of varices in children. J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 50: 188-93.
Fagundes ED, Ferreira AR, Roquete ML, Penna FJ, Goulart EM, Figueiredo Filho PP, et al. Clinical and laboratory predictors of esophageal varices in children and adolescents with portal hypertension syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008; 46: 178-83.
Kozaiwa K, Tajiri H, Yoshimura N, Ozaki Y, Miki K, Shimizu K, Harada T, et al. Utility of duplex Doppler ultrasound in evaluating portal hypertension in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1995; 21: 215-9.
Tüney D, Aribal ME, Ertem D, Kotiloglu E, Pehlivanoglu E. Diagnosis of liver cirrhosis in children based on colour doppler ultrasonography with histopathological correlation. Pediatr Radiol 1998; 28: 859-64.
Miraglia R, Luca A, Maruzzelli L, Spada M, Riva S, Caruso S, Maggiore G, et al. Measurement of hepatic vein pressure gradient in children with chronic liver diseases. J Hepatol 2010; 53: 624-9.
Mileti E. Rosenthal P. Management of port al hypertension in children. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2011; 13: 10-6.
Soehendra N, Grimm H, Nam VC, et al. Endoscopic obliteration of large esophagogastric varices with bucrylate. Endoscopy 1996; 18: 25-6.
De Franchis R.Revising consensus in portal hypertension: Report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2010; 53: 762-8.
The North Italian Endoscopic Club for the Study and Treatment of Esophageal Varices. Reduction of the first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices. A prospective multicenter study. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 983-44
Gluud LL, Klingenberg S, Nikolova D, Gluud C. Banding ligation versus beta-blockers as primary prophylaxis in esophageal varices: systematic review of randomize trials. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 2842-8.
Villanueva C, Piqueras M, Aracil C, Gómez C, López-Balaguer JM, Gonzalez B, Gallego A, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing ligation and sclerotherapy as emergency endoscopic treatment added to somatostatin in acute variceal bleeding. J Hepatol 2006; 45: 560-7.
Duché M, Habes D, Roulleau Ph, Hass V, Jacquemin E, Bernard O. Prophylactic endoscopic sclerotherapy of large esopahgogastric varices in infants with biliary atresia. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2008; 67: 732-7.
Kim T, Shijo H, Kokawa H, Tokumitsu H, Kubara K, Ota K, Akiyoshi N, et al. Risk factors for hemorrhage from gastric fundal varices. Hepatology 1997; 25: 307-12.
Sarin SK, Lahoti D, Saxena SP, Murthy NS, Makwana UK. Prevalence, classification and natural history of gastric varices: a long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients. Hepatology 1992; 16: 1343-9.
Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J. Management of Varices and Variceal Hemorrhage in Cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 823-32.
Pérez-Ayuso RM, Piqué JM, Bosch J, Panés J, González A, Pérez R, Rigau J, et al. Propranolol in prevention of recurrent bleeding from severe portal hypertensive gastropathy in cirrhosis. Lancet 1991; 337: 1431-4.
Sarin SK, Gupta N, Jha SK, Agrawal A, Mishra SR, Sharma BC, Kumar A. Equal efficacy of endoscopic variceal ligation and propranolol in preventing bleeding in patients with noncirrhotic portal hypertension. Gastroenterology 2010; 139: 1238-45.
Ling SC, Walters T, McKiernan PJ, Schwarz KB, Garcia- Tsao G, Shneider BL. Primary prophilaxis of variceal hemorrhage in children with portal hypertension: A frame work for future research. JPGN 2011; 52: 254-61.
Khaderi S, Barnes D. Preventing a first episode of esophageal variceal hemorrhage. Cleveland Clinic J Med 2008; 75: 235-44.
Ozsoylu S, Koçak N, Demir H, Yüce A, Gürakan F, Ozen H. Propranolol for primary and secondary prophilaxis of variceal bleeding in children with cirrhosis. Turk J Pediatr 2000; 42: 31-3.
Shashindar H, Langhans N, Grand RJ. Propranolol in prevention of portal hypertensive hemorrhage in children: A pilot study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999; 29: 12-78.
Erkan T, Cullu F, Kutlu T, Emir H, Yesildag E, Sarimurat N, Senyüz OF, et al. Management of portal hypertension in children: a retrospective study with long-term follow up. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2003; 66: 213-7.
Backer LA. Smith C, Lieberman G. The natural history of esophageal varices. AM J Med 1999; 26: 228-37.
D’Amico G, Pagliaro L, Bosch J. The treatment of portal hypertension: a meta-analytic review. Hepatology 1995; 22: 332-54.
D’Amico G, Pagliaro L, Bosch J. Pharmacological treatment of portal hypertension: a evidence-based approach. Semin Liver Dis 1999; 19: 475-505.
Ling SC. Should children with esophageal varices receive beta-blockers for primary prevention of variceal hemorrhage? Can J Gastroenterol 2005; 19: 661-6.
Funakoshi N, Ségalas-Largey F, Duny Y, Oberti F, Valats JC, Bismuth M, Daurès JP, et al. Benefit of combination bblocker and endoscopic treatment to prevent variceal rebleeding: A meta-analysis. WJG 2010; 16: 5982-92.
Maksoud-Filho JG, Gonçalves ME, Cardoso SR, Gibelli NE, Tannuri U. Long term follow-up of children with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction: impact of an endosocpic sclerothrerapy program on bleeding episodes, hepatic function, hypersplenism and mortality. J Ped Surg 2009; 44: 1877-83.
Sasaki T, Hasegawa T, Nakajima K, Tanano H, Wasa M, Fukui Y, Okada A. Endoscopic variceal ligation in the management of gastroesophageal varices in postoperative biliary atresia. J Pediar Surg 1998; 33: 1628-32.
Sarin SK, Nundy S. Balloon tamponade in the management of bleeding oesophageal varices. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1984; 66: 30-2.
Siafakas C, Fox A, Nurko S. Use of octreotide for the treatment of severe gastrointestinal bleeding in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998; 26: 356-9.
Lam JC, Aters S, Tobias JD. Initial experience with octreotide in the pediatric population. Am J Ther 2001; 8: 409-15.
Colle I, Wilmer A, Le Moine O, Debruyne R, Delwaide J, Dhondt E, Macken E, et al. Upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding management: Belgian guidelines for adults and children. Acta Gastro-Enterologica Belgica 2011; 74: 45-66.
Tuggle DW, Bennett KG, Scott J, Tunell WP. Intravenous vasopressin and gastrointestinal hemorrhage in children. J Pediatr Surg 1988; 23: 627-9.
Zargar SA, Javid G, Khan BA, Yattoo GN, Shah AH, Gulzar GM, Singh J, et al. Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for bleeding esophageal varices in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. Hepatology 2002; 36: 666-72.
Sarin SK, Misra SP, Singal AK, Thorat V, Broor SL. Endoscopic sclerotherapy for varices in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1988; 7: 662-6.
Goenka AS, Dasilva MS, Cleghorn GJ, Patrick MK, Shepherd RW. Therapeutic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in children: an audit of 443 procedures and literature review. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1993; 8: 44-51.
McKierman PJ, Beath SV, Davison SM. A prospective study of endoscopic esophageal variceal ligation using a multiband ligator. J Pediatr Gastroentrol Nutr 2002; 34: 207-11.
Bañares R, Albillos A, Rincón D, Alonso S, González M, Ruizdel- Arbol L, Salcedo M, Molinero LM. Endoscopic treatment versus endoscopic plus pharmacologic treatment for acute variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis. Hepatology 2002; 35: 609-97.
Sokal EM, Van Hoorebeeck N, Van Obbergh L, Otte JB, Buts JP. Upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in cirrhotic children candidates for liver transplantation. Eur J Pediatr 1992; 151: 326-8.
Pasquale MD, Cerra FB. Sengstaken-Blakemore tube placement. Use of balloon tamponade to control bleeding varices. Crit Care Clin 1992; 8: 743-53.
Maksoud JG, Gonçalves ME, Porta G, Miura I, Velhote MC. The endoscopic and surgical management of port al hypertension in children: analysis of 123 cases. J Pediatr Surg 1991; 26: 178-81.
Howard ER, Stringer MD, Mowat AP. Assessment of injection sclerothrapy in the management of 152 children with oesophageal varices. J Surg 1988; 75: 404-8.
Yachha SK, Sharma BC, Kumar M, Khanduri A. Endoscopic sclerotherapy for esophageal varices in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction: a follow-up study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997; 24: 49-52.
de Kolster CC, Rapa de Higuera M, Carvajal A, Castro J, Callegari C, Kolster J. Propranolol in children and adolescents with portal hypertension: its dosage and the clinical, cardiovascular and biochemical effects. GEN 1992; 46: 199-207.
Funakoshi N, Ségalas-Largey F, Duny Y, Oberti F, Valats JC, Bismuth M, Daurès JP, et al. Benefit of combination BBlocker and endoscopic treatment to prevent variceal rebleeding: A meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 5982-92.
Molleston JP. Variceal Bleeding in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003; 37: 538-45.
Supe AN. Esophageal endoscopic sclerotherapy in children using 3% aqueous phenol. Indian J Gastroenterol 1994; 13: 1-4.
Stringer MD, Howard ER. Long term outcome after injection sclerotherapy for oesophageal varices in children with extrahepatic portal hypertension. Gut 1994; 35: 257-9.
Poddar U, Thapa BR, Singh K. Band Ligation plus sclerotherapy versus sclerotherapy alone in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39: 626-9.
Itha S, Yachha SK. Endoscopic outcome beyond esophageal variceal eradication in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutrition 2006; 42: 196-200.
Poddar U, Bhatnagar S, Yachha SK. Endoscopic band ligation followed by sclerotherapy: Is it superior to sclerotherapy in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction? Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 26: 255-9.
Sasaki T, Hasegawa T, Nakajima K, Tanano H, Wasa M, Fukui Y, Okada A. Endoscopic variceal ligation in the management of gastroesophageal varices in postoperative biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1998; 33: 1628-32.
McKiernan PJ, Beath SV, Davison SM. A prospective study of endoscopic esophageal variceal ligation using a multiband ligator. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002; 34: 207-11.
Nijhawan S, Patni T, Sharma U, Rai RR, Miglani N. Endoscopic variceal ligation in children. J Pediatr Surg 1995; 30: 1455-6.
Karrer FM, Holland RM, Allshouse MJ, Lilly JR. Portal vein thrombosis: treatment of variceal hemorrhage by endoscopic variceal ligation. J Pediatr Surg 1994; 29: 1149-51.
Pricer MR, Sartorelli KH, Karrer FM, Narkewicz MR, Sokol RJ, Lilly JR. Management of esophageal varices in children by endoscopic variceal ligation. J Pediatr Surg 1996; 31: 1056-9.
Toubia N, Sanyal A. Portal hypertension and variceal hemorrhage. Med Clin N Am 2008; 92: 551-74.
Ryan BM, Stockbrugger RW, Ryan JM. A pathophysiologic, gastroenterologic, and radiologic approach to the management of gastric varices. Gastroenterology 2004; 126: 1175-89.
Lo GH, Lai KH, Cheng JS, Chen MH, Chiang HT. A prospective, randomized trial of butyl cyanoacrylate injection versus band ligation in the management of bleeding gastric varices. Hepatology 2001; 33: 1060-4.
Tan PC, Hou MC, Lin HC, Liu TT, Lee FY, Chang FY, Lee SD. A randomized trial of endoscopic treatment of acute gastric variceal hemorrhage: N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection versus band ligation. Hepatology 2006; 43: 690-7.
Rivet C, Robles-Medranda C, Dumortier J. Endoscopic treatment of gastroesophageal varices in young infants with cyanocrylate glue: A pilot study. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 69: 1034-8.
Sarin SK, Sollano JD, Chawla YK, Amarapurkar D, Hamid S, Hashizume M, Jafri W, et al. Consensus on extra-hepatic portal vein obstruction. Liver International 2006; 26: 512-9.
Alzen G, Basedow J, Luedemann M, Berthold LD, Zimmer KP. Partial splenic embolization as an Alternative to Splenectomy in Hypersplenism. Single Center Experience in 16 years. Klin Padiatr 2010; 222: 368-73.
Peck-Radosavljevic M. Hypersplenism. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 13: 317-23.
Gauthier F. Recent concepts regarding extra-hepatic portal hypertension. Semin Pediatr Surg 2005; 14: 216-25.
Petersons A, Volrats O, Bernsteins A. The First Experience with Non-Operative Treatment of Hypersplenism in Children with Portal Hypertension. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2002; 12: 299-303.
MeisheriI V, Kothari PR, Kumar A, Deshmukn A. Splenic artery embolization for portal hypertension in children. Afr J Paediatr Surg 2010; 7: 86-91.
Yoshida H, Mamada Y, Taniai N, Tajiri T. Partial Splenic embolization. Hepatol Res 2008; 38: 225-33.
Pinto AG, Namyslowski J, Pandya P. Severe Thrombocytopenia due to hypersplenism successfully treated with partial splenic embolization in Preoperative Management. South Med J 2005; 98: 481-3.
Subhasis RC, Rajiv C, Kumra AV, Kumar PA. Surgical treatment of massive splenomegaly and severe hypersplenism secondary to extrahepatic portal venous obstruction in children. Surg Today 2007; 37: 19-23.
Noli K, Solomon M, Golding F, Charron M, Ling SC. Prevalence of Hepatopulmonary Syndrome in Children. Pediatrics 2008; 121: e522-e527.
Rovira Amigo S, Martín de Vicente C, Bueno Recio J, Ortega López J, Girona Comas J, Moreno Galdó A. Síndrome hepatopulmonar en niños: evaluación y tratamiento. Ann Pediatr (Barc) 2009; 71: 224-29.
Gupta D, Vijaya DR, Gupta R, Dhiman RK, Bhargava M, Verma J, Chawla YK. Prevalence of hepatopulmonary syndrome in cirrhosis and extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 3395-9.
Gürakan F, Eren M, Koçak N, Yüce A, Ozen H, Temizel IN, Demir H. Extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis in children: Etiology and long-term follow up. J Clin Gastroenterol 2004; 38: 368-72.
Kinane TB, Westra SJ. Case records of the Massachussets General Hospital. Weekly clinic-pathological exercises. Case 31-2004. A four year old boy with hypoxemia. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1667-75.
Cheung KM, Lee CY, Wong CT, Chan AK. Congenital absence of portal vein presenting as hepatopulmonary syndrome. J Paediatr Child Health 2005; 41: 72-5.
Gupta NA, Abramowsky C, Pillen T, Redd D, Fasola C, Heffron T, Romero R. Pediatric Hepatopulmonary Syndrome Is Seen With Polyesplenia/Interrupted Inferior Vena Cava and without Cirrhosis. Liver Transplantation 2007; 13: 680-6.
Whitworth JR, Ivy DD, Gralla J, Narkewicz MR, Sokol RJ. Pulmonary Vascular Complications in Asymptomatic Children with Portal Hypertension. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009; 49: 607-12.
Iqbal CW, Krowka MJ, Pham TH, Freese DK, El Youssef M, Ishitani MB. Liver transplantation for pulmonary vascular complication of pediatric end-stage liver disease. J Ped Surg 2008; 43: 1813-20.
Whitworth J, Sokol RJ. Hepato-Portopulmonary Disorders- Not Just in Adults! J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 41: 393-5.
Swanson K, Wiesner R, Krowka M. Natural History of Hepatopulmonary Syndrome: Impact of Liver Transplantation. Hepatology 2005; 41: 1122-9.
Condino AA, Ivy DD, O’Connor JA, Narkewicz MR, Mengshol S, Whitworth JR, Claussen L, et al. Porto pulmonary hypertension in pediatric patients. J Pediatr 2005; 147: 20-6.
Barbé T, Losay J, Grimon G, Devictor D, Sardet A, Gauthier F, Houssin D, et al. Pulmonary arteriovenous shunting in children with liver disease. J Pediatr 1995; 126: 571-9.
Silver MM, Bohn D, Shawn DH, Shuckett B, Eich G, Rabinovitch M. Association of pulmonary hypertension with congenital portal hypertension in a child. J Pediatr 1992; 120: 321-9.
Nagral AS, Dalvi BV, Khanna MU, Abraham P, Bhatia SJ, Mistry FP, Lokare A. Intrapulmonary vascular dilatation with hypoxemia in extrahepatic portal vein obstruction. Ind J Gastronterol 1993; 12: 149-51.
Behera D, Singh M, Chawla Y, Dilawari JB. Pulmonary function abnormality in patients with portal hypertension with or without chronic liver disease. Ind J Chest Dis Allied Si 1998; 40: 33-39.
Pirenne J, Verleden G, Nevens F, Delcroix M, Van Raemdonck D, Meyns B, Herijgers P, et al. Combined live rand (heart-) lung transplantation in liver transplant candidates with refractory portopulmonar hypertension. Transplantation 2002; 73: 140-2.
Yusuf Bayraktar. Portal ductopathy: Clinical importance and nomenclature. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 21: 1410-5.
Dhiman RK, Behera A, Chawla YK, Dilawari JB, Suri S. Portal Hypertensive Biliopathy. Gut 2007; 56: 1001-8.
El-Matary W, Roberts EA, Kim P, Temple M, Cutz E, Ling SC. Portal hypertensive biliopathy: a rare cause of childhood cholestasis. Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167: 1339-42.
Stringer MD, Howard ER. Long-term outcome after injection sclerotherapy for oesophgeal varices in children with extrahepatic portal hypertension. Gut 1994; 35: 257-9.
Zargar SA, Yattoo GN, Javid G, Khan BA, Shah AH, Shah NA, Gulzar GM, et al. Fifteen-year follow up of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. Hepatology 2004; 19: 139-45.
Superina R, Shneider B, Emre S, Sarin S, de Ville de Goyet J. Surgical guidelines for the management of extraheptic portal vein obstruction. Pediatric Transplantation 2006; 10: 908-13.
Moleston JP. A new review of portosystemic shunts in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 40: 237-8.
Alvarez F, Bernard O, Brunelle F, Hadchouel P, Odièvre M, Alagille D. Portal obstruction in children. II. Results of surgical portosystemic shunts. J Pediatr 1983; 103: 703-7.
Mitra SK, Rao KL, Narasimhan KL, Dilawari JB, Batra YK, Chawla Y, Thapa BR, et al. Side to side ileorenal shunt without splenectomy in noncirrhotic portal hypertension in children. J Pediatr Surg 1993; 28: 398-402.
Orloff MJ, Orloff MS, Girard B, Orloff SL. Bleeding eosphagogastric varices from extrahepatic portal hypertension: 40 years experience with portal-systemic shunt. J Am College Surg 2002; 194: 717-28.
Prasad AS, Gupta S, Kohli V, Panda GK, Sahni P, Nundy S. Proximal splenorenal shunts for extrahepatic portal venous obstruction in children. Ann Surg 1994; 219: 193-6.
Krebs-Schmitt D, Briem-Richter A, Grabhorn E, Burdelski M, Helmke K, Broering DC, Ganschow R. Effectiveness of Rex shunt in children with portal hypertension following liver transplantation or with primary portal hypertension. Pediatr Transplant 2009; 13: 540-44.
Gibellio-Tannuri AC, Pinho-Apezzato ML, Maksoud-Filho JG, Tannuri U. Extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis after umbilical catheterization: is it a good choice for Rex Shunt. J Pediatr Surg 2011; 46: 214-6.
Dasgupta R, Roberts E, Superina RA, Kim PC. Effectiveness of Rex shunt in the treatment of portal hypertension. J Ped Surg 2006; 41: 108-12.