Carrillo-Esper R, Peñaherrera-Oviedo CA, Tamariz-Amador LE

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 37
Paginas: 176-190
Archivo PDF: 648.07 Kb.

RESUMEN

La enfermedad crónica del paciente crítico es un síndrome que afecta a los pacientes ingresados en las unidades de terapia intensiva por un largo periodo, habiendo supervivido a un episodio crítico agudo, pero sin lograr la recuperación clínica. Se distingue principalmente por ventilación mecánica prolongada o traqueostomía, con incapacidad para retirar el soporte ventilatorio y con trastornos endocrinos, inmunitarios, neuromusculares, cognitivos y un estado de inflamación persistente. Se trata de una entidad con repercusión en la calidad de vida del paciente y sus familiares y que aumenta los gastos anuales en servicios de salud de manera importante. Se revisan las principales características de este trastorno clínico.

REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

1. Nelson J, Cox C, Hope A, Carson S. Chronic critical illness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;182:446-454.

2. Wiencek C, Winkelman C. Chronic critical illness: prevalence, profile, and pathophysiology. AACN Adv Crit Care 2010;21:44-61.

3. Girard K, Raffin T. The chronically critically ill: to save or let die? Respir Care 1985;30:339-347.

4. Cox C. Persistent systemic inflammation in chronic critical illness. Respir Care 2012;57:859-864.

5. Carson S, Bach P. The epidemiology and costs of chronic critical illness. Crit Care Clin 2002;18:461-476.

6. Bellar A, Kunkler K, Burkett M. Understanding, recognizing, and managing chronic critical illness syndrome. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2009;21:571-578.

7. Nierman D. A structure of care for the chronically critically ill. Crit Care Clin 2002;18:477-491.

8. Nelson J, Meier D, Litke A, Natale D, et al. The symptom burden of chronic critical illness. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:1527-1534.

9. Hill K, Dennis D, Patman S. Relationships between mortality, morbidity, and physical function in adults who survived a period of prolonged mechanical ventilation. J Crit Care 2013;28:427-432.

10. Marinelli W, Leatherman J. Neuromuscular disorders in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin 2002;18:915-929.

11. Hollander J, Mechanick J. Nutrition support and the chronic critical illness syndrome. Nutr Clin Pract 2006;21:587-604.

12. Mechanick J, Brett E. Nutrition and the chronically critically ill patient. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2005;8:33-39.

13. Lee P. Vitamin D metabolism and deficiency in critical illness Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;25:769-781.

14. Lorin S, Nierman D. Critical illness neuromuscular abnormalities. Crit Care Clin 2002;18:553-568.

15. Nelson J, Tandon N, Mercado A, Camhi S, et al. Brain dysfunction: another burden for the chronically critically ill. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1993-1999.

16. Hopkins R, Brett S. Chronic neurocognitive effects of critical illness. Curr Opin Crit Care 2005;11:369-375.

17. De Letter M, Schmitz P, Visser L, Verheul F, et al. Risk factors for the development of polyneuropathy and myopathy in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2001;29:2281-2286.

18. De Jonghe B, Lacherade J, Durand M, Sharshar T. Critical Illness Neuromuscular Syndromes Crit Care Clin 2007;23:55-69.

19. Routsi C, Gerovasili V, Vasileiadis I, Karatzanos E, et al. Electrical muscle stimulation prevents critical illness polyneuromyopathy: a randomized parallel intervention trial. Crit Care 2010;14:R74.

20. Z’Graggen W, Lin C, Howard R, Beale R, Bostock H. Nerve excitability changes in critical illness polyneuropathy. Brain 2006;129:2461-2470.

21. Vijayan J, Alexander M. Critical illness neuropathy. Indian J Crit Care Med 2005;9:32-34.

22. Coakley J, Nagendran K, Yarwood G, Honavar M, Hinds C. Patterns of neurophysiological abnormality in prolonged critical illness. Intensive Care Med 1998;24:801-807.

23. Latronico N, Bolton C. Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy: a major cause of muscle weakness and paralysis. Lancet Neurol 2011;10:931-941.

24. Hund E, Fogel W, Krieger D, Hacke W. Critical illness polyneuropathy: Clinical findings and outcomes of a frequent cause of neuromuscular weaning failure. Crit Care Med 1996;24:1328-1333.

25. Fan E. Critical illness neuromyopathy and the role of physical therapy and rehabilitation in critically ill patients. Respir Care 2012;57:933-944.

26. Latronico N, Shehu I, Seghelini E. Neuromuscular sequelae of critical illness. Curr Opin Crit Care 2005;11:381-390.

27. Fletcher S, Kennedy D, Ghosh I, Misra V, et al. Persistent neuromuscular and neurophysiologic abnormalities in long-term survivors of prolonged critical illness. Crit Care Med 2003;31:1012-1016.

28. Vanhorebeek I, Langouche L, van den Berghe G. Endocrine aspects of acute and prolonged critical illness. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2006;2:20-31.

29. Mechanick J, Brett E. Endocrine and metabolic issues in the management of the chronically critically ill patient. Crit Care Clin 2002;18:619-641.

30. Marik P. Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency. Chest 2009;135:181-193.

31. Elijah I, Branski L, Finnerty C. The GH/IGF-1 system in critical illness. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 25:759-767.

32. Van den Berghe G, de Zegher F, Bouillon R. Clinical review 95: acute and prolonged critical illness as different neuroendocrine paradigms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:1827-1834.

33. Economidou F, Douka E, Tzanela M, Nanas S, Kotanido A. Thyroid function during critical illness. Hormones (Athens) 2011;10:117-124.

34. Kalb T, Lorin S. Infection in the chronically critically ill: unique risk profile in a newly defined population. Crit Care Clin 2002;18:529-552.

35. Brem H, Nierman D, Nelson J. Pressure ulcers in the chronically critically ill patient. Crit Care Clin 2002;18:683-694.

36. Camhi S, Mercado A, Morrison R, Du Q, et al. Deciding in the dark: Advance directives and continuation of treatment in chronic critical illness. Crit Care Med 2009;37:919-925.

37. Nelson J, Kinjo K, Meier D, Ahmad K, Morrison R. When critical illness becomes chronic: informational needs of patients and families. J Crit Care 2005;20:79-89.