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2012, Número 4

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Med Sur 2012; 19 (4)


Bilirrubina, una vieja amiga con una nueva historia

López-Velázquez JA

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 41
Paginas: 228-234
Archivo PDF: 430.58 Kb.


RESUMEN

La bilirrubina es el principal pigmento biliar. Se forma en el retículo endotelial a partir de la degradación del grupo hemo. En 1916 fue identificada por primera vez en cadáveres pigmentados, y hasta 1950 era considerada sólo un producto de desecho. Hoy en día la determinación sanguínea de esta molécula forma parte de las pruebas de laboratorio que evalúan la función excretora del hígado. Además, las evidencias moleculares, bioquímicas y clínicas actuales han permitido atribuirle diversas funciones benéficas como un potente antioxidante a concentraciones plasmáticas ligeramente elevadas; pero también se le ha atribuido una función tóxica a altas concentraciones sobre células del sistema nervioso central. Debido a su compleja estructura y fotosensibilidad, así como las limitantes existentes para su estudio y entendimiento fisicoquímico, se había considerado una molécula olvidada en el campo de la investigación. Los estudios para clarificar la química de la molécula tomaron auge a raíz de la descripción del papel fundamental de la hiperbilirrubinemia en el neonato (kernicterus). El panorama actual está dirigido al estudio de la propiedad antioxidante de esta molécula y su posible implicación terapéutica en la diabetes, las enfermedades cardiovasculares y otras patologías relacionadas. El presente trabajo demuestra la importancia clínica de la bilirrubina a partir del entendimiento de su estructura y bioquímica dentro del organismo, así como las implicaciones fisiológicas que la han convertido en algo más que un desecho de color amarillo.


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